IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/retrec/v109y2025ics0739885925000034.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Horizontal port integrations under mixed ownership

Author

Listed:
  • Xu, Lili
  • Yin, Yuntong
  • Lee, Sang-Ho

Abstract

This study examines the effects of horizontal port integrations between public and private ports under mixed ownership. It distinguishes two different types of integrations between adjacent (A-type) and non-adjacent (N-type) integrations, wherein a private port integrates with a neighboring or non-adjacent public port, respectively. Our analysis reveals that, compared with no integration, both types of integrations are profitable for the merged port when the private share of mixed ownership is high. A-type integration consistently improves local and social welfare, whereas N-type integration only achieves this benefit with lower private share levels. However, compared with N-type integration, A-type integration benefits both the port industry and society but harms shippers. This examination of merged entities' non-uniform pricing strategies corroborates conclusions drawn under a uniform pricing regime and underscores the advisability of governmental promotion of integrations between private ports and their neighboring public counterparts.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Lili & Yin, Yuntong & Lee, Sang-Ho, 2025. "Horizontal port integrations under mixed ownership," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:retrec:v:109:y:2025:i:c:s0739885925000034
    DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101520
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885925000034
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.retrec.2025.101520?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:hal:pseose:halshs-00754258 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Li, Diansheng & Qu, Yuanyuan & Ma, Yanhong, 2020. "Study on the impact of subsidies for overlapping hinterland shippers on port competition," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 24-37.
    3. Shengda Zhu & Shiyuan Zheng & Ying-En Ge & Xiaowen Fu & Breno Sampaio & Changmin Jiang, 2019. "Vertical integration and its implications to port expansion," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(8), pages 920-938, November.
    4. Luo, Meifeng & Chen, Fuying & Zhang, Jiantong, 2022. "Relationships among port competition, cooperation and competitiveness: A literature review," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 1-9.
    5. Álvarez-SanJaime, Óscar & Cantos-Sánchez, Pedro & Moner-Colonques, Rafael & Sempere-Monerris, José J., 2015. "The impact on port competition of the integration of port and inland transport services," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 291-302.
    6. Yip, Tsz Leung & Liu, John Jianhua & Fu, Xiaowen & Feng, Jiejian, 2014. "Modeling the effects of competition on seaport terminal awarding," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 341-349.
    7. Daniele Crotti & Claudio Ferrari & Alessio Tei, 2020. "Merger waves and alliance stability in container shipping," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 22(3), pages 446-472, September.
    8. Lisa Planer-Friedrich & Marco Sahm, 2018. "Why Firms Should Care for All Consumers," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 38(3), pages 1603-1612.
    9. Laura Alfaro & Paola Conconi & Harald Fadinger & Andrew F. Newman, 2016. "Do Prices Determine Vertical Integration?," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, pages 855-888.
    10. Sang‐Ho Lee & Hae‐Shin Hwang, 2003. "Partial Ownership For The Public Firm And Competition," The Japanese Economic Review, Japanese Economic Association, vol. 54(3), pages 324-335, September.
    11. Liu, Jiaguo & Wang, Junjin, 2019. "Carrier alliance incentive analysis and coordination in a maritime transport chain based on service competition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 333-355.
    12. Chuanxu Wang & Fengjue Xie & Lang Xu, 2020. "Which terminals should expand investment: a perspective of internal non-cooperative competition in a port?," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(6), pages 718-735, August.
    13. Yap, Wei Yim & Lam, Jasmine S.L., 2006. "Competition dynamics between container ports in East Asia," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 35-51, January.
    14. Dalia Marin & Thierry Verdier, 2008. "Power Inside The Firm and The Market: A General Equilibrium Approach," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 6(4), pages 752-788, June.
    15. Steven C. Salop, 1979. "Monopolistic Competition with Outside Goods," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 141-156, Spring.
    16. Sang‐Ho Lee, 2006. "Welfare‐Improving Privatization Policy In The Telecommunications Industry," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 24(2), pages 237-248, April.
    17. Min Ju Bae & Ek Peng Chew & Loo Hay Lee & Anming Zhang, 2013. "Container transshipment and port competition," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(5), pages 479-494, September.
    18. Ishii, Masahiro & Lee, Paul Tae-Woo & Tezuka, Koichiro & Chang, Young-Tae, 2013. "A game theoretical analysis of port competition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 92-106.
    19. Soraya Hidalgo-Gallego & Ramón Núñez-Sánchez & Pablo Coto-Millán, 2017. "Game Theory And Port Economics: A Survey Of Recent Research," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(3), pages 854-877, July.
    20. Evangelia N. Kaselimi & Theo E. Notteboom & Bruno De Borger, 2011. "A game theoretical approach to competition between multi-user terminals: the impact of dedicated terminals," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(4), pages 395-414, January.
    21. Gang Dong & Jin Li, 2022. "Does vertical integration lead to horizontal collusion in container transport chains?," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(5), pages 702-715, July.
    22. Matsushima, Noriaki & Takauchi, Kazuhiro, 2014. "Port privatization in an international oligopoly," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 382-397.
    23. Weifen Zhuang & Meifeng Luo & Xiaowen Fu, 2014. "A game theory analysis of port specialization-implications to the Chinese port industry," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(3), pages 268-287, May.
    24. Winai Homsombat & Tsz Leung Yip & Hangjun Yang & Xiaowen Fu, 2013. "Regional cooperation and management of port pollution," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(5), pages 451-466, September.
    25. Guo, Liquan & Ng, Adolf K.Y. & Jiang, Changmin & Long, Jiancheng, 2021. "Stepwise capacity integration in port cluster under uncertainty and congestion," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 94-113.
    26. Xu, Lili & Lee, Sang-Ho, 2024. "Port supply chain integration under mixed ownership," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 371-385.
    27. Dong-Wook Song & Photis M. Panayides, 2002. "A conceptual application of cooperative game theory to liner shipping strategic alliances," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(3), pages 285-301.
    28. Tan, Zhijia & Meng, Qiang & Wang, Fan & Kuang, Hai-bo, 2018. "Strategic integration of the inland port and shipping service for the ocean carrier," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 90-109.
    29. Chang, Young-Tae & Lee, Sang-Yoon & Tongzon, Jose L., 2008. "Port selection factors by shipping lines: Different perspectives between trunk liners and feeder service providers," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 877-885, November.
    30. Notteboom, Theo E. & Parola, Francesco & Satta, Giovanni & Pallis, Athanasios A., 2017. "The relationship between port choice and terminal involvement of alliance members in container shipping," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 158-173.
    31. Czerny, Achim & Höffler, Felix & Mun, Se-il, 2014. "Hub port competition and welfare effects of strategic privatization," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 3(3), pages 211-220.
    32. Wang, Junjin & Liu, Jiaguo, 2019. "Vertical contract selection under chain-to-chain service competition in shipping supply chain," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 184-196.
    33. Matsumura, Toshihiro, 1998. "Partial privatization in mixed duopoly," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 473-483, December.
    34. Cullinane, Kevin & Ji, Ping & Wang, Teng-fei, 2005. "The relationship between privatization and DEA estimates of efficiency in the container port industry," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 57(5), pages 433-462.
    35. Feng Pian & Lili Xu & Yuyan Chen & Sang-Ho Lee, 2020. "Global Emission Taxes and Port Privatization Policies under International Competition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-25, August.
    36. DongJoon Lee & Seonyoung Lim & Kangsik Choi, 2017. "Port privatization under Cournot vs. Bertrand competition: a third-market approach," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(6), pages 761-778, August.
    37. Liu, Qing & Yang, Yang & Ng, Adolf K.Y. & Jiang, Changmin, 2023. "An analysis on the resilience of the European port network," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    38. Bi Wang & Kwai Sang Chin & Qin Su, 2022. "Risk management and market structures in seaport–dry port systems," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 24(1), pages 114-137, March.
    39. Kangsik Choi & Seonyoung Lim, 2018. "Tariff protection and port privatization: An import-competing approach," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 20(2), pages 228-252, June.
    40. Wei Xing & Qing Liu & Guangjun Chen, 2018. "Pricing strategies for port competition and cooperation," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(2), pages 260-277, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Junjin & He, Fan & Chen, Mengdi & Liu, Jingling, 2025. "A review of game theory to maritime supply chain: A competitive and cooperative perspective," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 364-378.
    2. Xu, Lili & Lee, Sang-Ho, 2024. "Port supply chain integration under mixed ownership," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 371-385.
    3. (Kevin) Park, Hyosoo & Chang, Young-Tae & Zou, Bo, 2018. "Emission control under private port operator duopoly," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 40-65.
    4. Xu, Lili & Lee, Sang-Ho, 2021. "Port integration and competition under public and private ownership," MPRA Paper 106127, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Luo, Meifeng & Chen, Fuying & Zhang, Jiantong, 2022. "Relationships among port competition, cooperation and competitiveness: A literature review," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 1-9.
    6. Dong, Gang & Zheng, Shiyuan & Lee, Paul Tae-Woo, 2018. "The effects of regional port integration: The case of Ningbo-Zhoushan Port," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 1-15.
    7. Lu, Bo & Fan, Lijie & Wang, Huipo & Moon, Ilkyeong, 2024. "Price-cutting or incentive? Differentiated competition between regional asymmetric ports," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 215-231.
    8. Sheng, Dian & Li, Zhi-Chun & Fu, Xiaowen & Gillen, David, 2017. "Modeling the effects of unilateral and uniform emission regulations under shipping company and port competition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 99-114.
    9. Zheng, Shiyuan & Fu, Xiaowen & Wang, Kun & Li, Hongchang, 2021. "Seaport adaptation to climate change disasters: Subsidy policy vs. adaptation sharing under minimum requirement," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    10. Wang, Junjin & Liu, Jiaguo & Wang, Fan & Yue, Xiaohang, 2021. "Blockchain technology for port logistics capability: Exclusive or sharing," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 347-392.
    11. Li, Zhi-Chun & Wang, Mei-Ru & Fu, Xiaowen, 2021. "Strategic planning of inland river ports under different market structures: Coordinated vs. independent operating regime," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    12. Song, Zhuzhu & Tang, Wansheng & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2021. "Liner alliances with heterogeneous price level and service competition: Partial vs. full," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    13. Zhu, Shengda & Fu, Xiaowen & Bell, Michael G.H., 2021. "Container shipping line port choice patterns in East Asia the effects of port affiliation and spatial dependence," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    14. Zhao, Xiaowen & Sun, Zhuo, 2024. "Investment modes in dry port with network effect under regionally competitive environment," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    15. Zheng, Shiyuan & Luo, Meifeng, 2021. "Competition or cooperation? Ports’ strategies and welfare analysis facing shipping alliances," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    16. Gang Dong & Dandan Zhong, 2019. "Tacit Collusion of Pricing Strategy Game between Regional Ports: The Case of Yangtze River Economic Belt," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-17, January.
    17. Wang, Mei-Ru & Li, Zhi-Chun & Fu, Xiaowen & Xiong, Yi, 2024. "Revenue-sharing in the alliance of inland river and sea carriers: Formulation and a case study," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    18. Shi, Jia & Jiao, Yuquan & Chen, Jihong & Ye, Jun & Gong, Jianwei, 2023. "A study on the evolution of competition pattern of inland container ports along the Yangtze River in China," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    19. Hidalgo-Gallego, Soraya & Núñez-Sánchez, Ramón & Coto-Millán, Pablo, 2017. "Spatial non-price competition in port infrastructure services," MPRA Paper 80417, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    20. Dong, Gang & Huang, Rongbing & Ng, Peggy, 2016. "Tacit collusion between two terminals of a port," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 199-211.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • D43 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
    • L33 - Industrial Organization - - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise - - - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprise and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
    • L92 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities - - - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:retrec:v:109:y:2025:i:c:s0739885925000034. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620614/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.