A systematic review on the application of lifecycle-based approaches in assessing sustainability of hydropower

The global push for renewable energy increase, including hydropower, as outlined in the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizes the need for systematic evaluations to support informed decisions for sustainable growth and development of hydropower sources. This systematic literature review examines the current state of research and highlights gaps related to systematic approaches such as life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) in evaluating impacts of hydropower systems. An analysis of literature from the Scopus and Web of Science databases between January 2013 and April 2025, using the PSALSAR framework, revealed that studies focused on LCA dominated at 98 %, with S-LCA studies accounted for only 2 %, and no studies on LCC or LCSA. Geographically, the identified studies were concentrated in Asia, with minimal representation from Africa. This implies a need for lifecycle-based approach studies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The current global agenda to decarbonize the energy sector has led to more studies evaluating the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. Other critical environmental indicators such as water and land use are less evaluated, which are imperative parameters when realising hydropower potential. Moreover, inconsistencies in conducting LCA studies can undermine the credibility of LCA approach in delivering reliable results; thus, a comprehensive LCA covering all impact categories is necessary. Additionally, it is essential to standardize methods for assessing reservoir emissions and operative water use alongside the LCA approach to provide accurate estimates and reliable results for decision-makers.