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Protection and fault ride-through techniques of VSC-HVDC systems for offshore wind power transmission—Research status, challenges, and prospects

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  • He, Jiawei
  • Xue, Lei
  • Li, Bin
  • Li, Ye
  • Prieto-Araujo, Eduardo
  • Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol

Abstract

The safe and reliable operation of offshore voltage-source-converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems poses a significant challenge to the vigorous development of offshore wind power. This research reviews and analyses the latest advances in protection and fault ride-through techniques for offshore VSC-HVDC wind power transmission systems, primarily including fault characteristic analysis, DC protection principles, fault current limitation, and energy dissipation techniques. The research begins by summarizing typical offshore wind power transmission types and their characteristics. Subsequently, the transient response characteristics of DC faults, fault-current calculation methods, and additional challenges in offshore VSC-HVDC systems, are analysed. Based on this, the current research status of non-unit and pilot protections for DC line are reviewed, and the brand-new protection challenges caused by distant offshore special locations are outlined. Thereafter, the fault ride-through techniques, primarily including DC fault current limitation and DC energy dissipation, are discussed. The technical difficulties regarding fault ride-through in offshore VSC-HVDC systems are presented. In addition, corresponding research approaches are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • He, Jiawei & Xue, Lei & Li, Bin & Li, Ye & Prieto-Araujo, Eduardo & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2025. "Protection and fault ride-through techniques of VSC-HVDC systems for offshore wind power transmission—Research status, challenges, and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:210:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124008645
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115138
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    1. Meng, Yongqing & Yan, Shuhao & Wu, Kang & Ning, Lianhui & Li, Xuan & Wang, Xiuli & Wang, Xifan, 2021. "Comparative economic analysis of low frequency AC transmission system for the integration of large offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1955-1968.
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    1. Wu, Zhangxi & Li, Ye & Li, Bin & He, Jiawei & Fan, Hui & Wang, Haiyang & Hu, Xinhang & Zhang, Shouhang, 2025. "A coordinated configuration scheme for hydrogen-electric energy storage based on transient response characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    2. He, Jiawei & Bu, Ningjing & Wen, Weijie & Li, Bin & Zhang, Shouhang & Zhou, Bohao & Wu, Jianzhong, 2025. "Performance analysis and control-coordinated improvement method for distance protection of energy storage station grid-connected lines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).

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