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Effect of non-standard operating frequencies on the economic cost of offshore AC networks

Author

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  • Domínguez-García, José Luis
  • Rogers, Daniel J.
  • Ugalde-Loo, Carlos E.
  • Liang, Jun
  • Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol

Abstract

The effect of choosing a non-standard operating frequency on the equipment and infrastructure costs of an offshore AC network is investigated. The offshore AC network considered is similar in design to the European SuperGrid “SuperNode”. It is designed to connect several large wind arrays to multiple HVDC converters through which power may be transmitted to shore. As the offshore AC network is isolated from onshore networks by the use of HVDC links, it may be operated unsynchronised at any desired frequency. The cost associated with operating the network at a fixed frequency in the range 20–120 Hz is investigated, focusing on the frequency-cost scalings of electrical devices (such as cables, transformers and reactive compensation) and offshore infrastructures. A case study is presented based upon Tranche A area of Dogger Bank, UK, where a minimum point in the total cost of the offshore network is found at 93 Hz.

Suggested Citation

  • Domínguez-García, José Luis & Rogers, Daniel J. & Ugalde-Loo, Carlos E. & Liang, Jun & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2012. "Effect of non-standard operating frequencies on the economic cost of offshore AC networks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 267-280.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:44:y:2012:i:c:p:267-280
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.093
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    1. Van Hertem, Dirk & Ghandhari, Mehrdad, 2010. "Multi-terminal VSC HVDC for the European supergrid: Obstacles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 3156-3163, December.
    2. de Alegría, Iñigo Martínez & Martín, Jose Luis & Kortabarria, Iñigo & Andreu, Jon & Ereño, Pedro Ibañez, 2009. "Transmission alternatives for offshore electrical power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 1027-1038, June.
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    1. Domínguez-García, José Luis & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol & Bianchi, Fernando D. & Sumper, Andreas, 2012. "Power oscillation damping supported by wind power: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4994-5006.
    2. Zheren Zhang & Yingjie Tang & Zheng Xu, 2021. "Miniaturization of an Offshore Platform with Medium-Frequency Offshore Wind Farm and MMC-HVDC Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Bowen Zhou & Zhibo Zhang & Guangdi Li & Dongsheng Yang & Matilde Santos, 2023. "Review of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Wind Power Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-26, January.
    4. Meng, Yongqing & Yan, Shuhao & Wu, Kang & Ning, Lianhui & Li, Xuan & Wang, Xiuli & Wang, Xifan, 2021. "Comparative economic analysis of low frequency AC transmission system for the integration of large offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1955-1968.
    5. Ruddy, Jonathan & Meere, Ronan & O’Donnell, Terence, 2016. "Low Frequency AC transmission for offshore wind power: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 75-86.
    6. Rogeau, Antoine & Vieubled, Julien & de Coatpont, Matthieu & Affonso Nobrega, Pedro & Erbs, Guillaume & Girard, Robin, 2023. "Techno-economic evaluation and resource assessment of hydrogen production through offshore wind farms: A European perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    7. Schönleber, Kevin & Collados, Carlos & Pinto, Rodrigo Teixeira & Ratés-Palau, Sergi & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2017. "Optimization-based reactive power control in HVDC-connected wind power plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 500-509.
    8. de Prada Gil, Mikel & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol & Sumper, Andreas, 2014. "Technical and economic assessment of offshore wind power plants based on variable frequency operation of clusters with a single power converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 218-229.
    9. Byeonghyeon An & Junsoo Che & Taehun Kim & Taesik Park, 2024. "Selection of an Optimal Frequency for Offshore Wind Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-20, May.
    10. Leszek Resner & Sandra Paszkiewicz, 2021. "Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-20, May.
    11. De-Prada-Gil, Mikel & Díaz-González, Francisco & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol & Sumper, Andreas, 2015. "DFIG-based offshore wind power plant connected to a single VSC-HVDC operated at variable frequency: Energy yield assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 311-322.

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