IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i10p2761-d552638.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions

Author

Listed:
  • Leszek Resner

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Piastów 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
    Tele-Fonika Kable S.A., Factory in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz ul. Fordońska 152, 85-957 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Sandra Paszkiewicz

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Piastów 19, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

With wind turbines increasing in size, installed at greater distances from the mainland, and greater depths, submarine cables are facing new challenges. Materials and technologies used so far for the production of submarine cables with lead, aluminium, or copper sheaths make them unsuitable or even obsolete for modern solutions such as floating wind farms. The article discusses types of submarine cables, their construction, working conditions, and operational factors, with emphasis placed on the role of the radial water barrier. The focus has been placed on dry and semi-dry designs. The article is also devoted to a discussion regarding directions of further development, possible materials, and constructions that may appear in the future. Current research and results regarding the use of multi-layer coatings with the use of thermoplastic block copolymers for the layer with high moisture absorption are also presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Leszek Resner & Sandra Paszkiewicz, 2021. "Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-20, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:10:p:2761-:d:552638
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2761/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2761/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Domínguez-García, José Luis & Rogers, Daniel J. & Ugalde-Loo, Carlos E. & Liang, Jun & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2012. "Effect of non-standard operating frequencies on the economic cost of offshore AC networks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 267-280.
    2. O’Keeffe, Aoife & Haggett, Claire, 2012. "An investigation into the potential barriers facing the development of offshore wind energy in Scotland: Case study – Firth of Forth offshore wind farm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 3711-3721.
    3. Shen, Wei & Chen, Xi & Qiu, Jing & Hayward, Jennifier A & Sayeef, Saad & Osman, Peter & Meng, Ke & Dong, Zhao Yang, 2020. "A comprehensive review of variable renewable energy levelized cost of electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chenglong Guo & Wanan Sheng & Dakshina G. De Silva & George Aggidis, 2023. "A Review of the Levelized Cost of Wave Energy Based on a Techno-Economic Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-30, February.
    2. Alain Ulazia & Ander Nafarrate & Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi & Jon Sáenz & Sheila Carreno-Madinabeitia, 2019. "The Consequences of Air Density Variations over Northeastern Scotland for Offshore Wind Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-18, July.
    3. Alhadhrami, Saeed & Soto, Gabriel J & Lindley, Ben, 2023. "Dispatch analysis of flexible power operation with multi-unit small modular reactors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    4. Hassan Gholami & Harald Nils Røstvik, 2021. "Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Europe, Rational Feed-In Tariffs and Subsidies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, April.
    5. Reilly, Kieran & O’Hagan, Anne Marie & Dalton, Gordon, 2016. "Developing benefit schemes and financial compensation measures for fishermen impacted by marine renewable energy projects," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 161-170.
    6. Fabio Maria Aprà & Sander Smit & Raymond Sterling & Tatiana Loureiro, 2021. "Overview of the Enablers and Barriers for a Wider Deployment of CSP Tower Technology in Europe," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-18, April.
    7. Meng, Yongqing & Yan, Shuhao & Wu, Kang & Ning, Lianhui & Li, Xuan & Wang, Xiuli & Wang, Xifan, 2021. "Comparative economic analysis of low frequency AC transmission system for the integration of large offshore wind farms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1955-1968.
    8. Schönleber, Kevin & Collados, Carlos & Pinto, Rodrigo Teixeira & Ratés-Palau, Sergi & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2017. "Optimization-based reactive power control in HVDC-connected wind power plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 500-509.
    9. Pu, Yuchen & Li, Qi & Zou, Xueli & Li, Ruirui & Li, Luoyi & Chen, Weirong & Liu, Hong, 2021. "Optimal sizing for an integrated energy system considering degradation and seasonal hydrogen storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    10. Toonen, Hilde M. & Lindeboom, Han J., 2015. "Dark green electricity comes from the sea: Capitalizing on ecological merits of offshore wind power?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1023-1033.
    11. Wieczorek, Anna J. & Negro, Simona O. & Harmsen, Robert & Heimeriks, Gaston J. & Luo, Lin & Hekkert, Marko P., 2013. "A review of the European offshore wind innovation system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 294-306.
    12. Xia, Z.H. & Jia, G.S. & Ma, Z.D. & Wang, J.W. & Zhang, Y.P. & Jin, L.W., 2021. "Analysis of economy, thermal efficiency and environmental impact of geothermal heating system based on life cycle assessments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    13. Yasir Alsaedi & Gurudeo Anand Tularam & Victor Wong, 2021. "Impact of the Nature of Energy Management and Responses to Policies Regarding Solar and Wind Pricing: A Qualitative Study of the Australian Electricity Markets," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(3), pages 191-205.
    14. Negri, Valentina & Galán-Martín, Ángel & Pozo, Carlos & Fajardy, Mathilde & Reiner, David M. & Mac Dowell, Niall & Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo, 2021. "Life cycle optimization of BECCS supply chains in the European Union," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    15. Domínguez-García, José Luis & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol & Bianchi, Fernando D. & Sumper, Andreas, 2012. "Power oscillation damping supported by wind power: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4994-5006.
    16. Saharudin, Djasmine Mastisya & Jeswani, Harish Kumar & Azapagic, Adisa, 2023. "Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECSS): Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of electricity generated from palm oil wastes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    17. Cho, Sangmin & Kim, Jinsoo & Lim, Deokoh, 2024. "Optimal design of renewable energy certificate multipliers using an LCOE-Integrated AHP model: A case study of South Korea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    18. Emmanuel Songsore & Michael Buzzelli & Jamie Baxter, 2018. "Understanding developer perspectives and experiences of wind energy development in Ontario," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 36(4), pages 649-668, June.
    19. Ansorena Ruiz, R. & de Vilder, L.H. & Prasasti, E.B. & Aouad, M. & De Luca, A. & Geisseler, B. & Terheiden, K. & Scanu, S. & Miccoli, A. & Roeber, V. & Marence, M. & Moll, R. & Bricker, J.D. & Goseber, 2022. "Low-head pumped hydro storage: A review on civil structure designs, legal and environmental aspects to make its realization feasible in seawater," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    20. Ahmad, Ali, 2021. "Distributed energy cost recovery for a fragile utility: The case of Électricité du Liban," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:10:p:2761-:d:552638. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.