IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v204y2023icp290-299.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Graphite regenerating from retired (LFP) lithium-ion battery: Phase transformation mechanism of impurities in low-temperature sulfation roasting process

Author

Listed:
  • Gao, Yang
  • Zhang, Jialiang
  • Chen, Yongqiang
  • Wang, Ling
  • Wang, Chengyan

Abstract

Regenerating spent graphite from retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) makes a great contribution to alleviate the shortage of plumbago and protect the ecological environment. In this study, low temperature sulfation roasting-acid leaching integrated with high heat treatment was applied on regenerating spent graphite. Firstly, the results of EDS combined with XRD analysis show that spent graphite contains the phases of FePO4, FePO4·2H2O and elemental Al. Next, based on the thermodynamic calculations and SEM-EDS analysis before and after sulfation roasting process, the phase transformation mechanism of impurities was proposed, namely, these impurities contain Fe and P, as well as elemental Al can be converted into corresponding water-soluble sulfate or phosphate. Afterwards, XRD and Raman analysis is conducted on these specimens, including the graphite before and after regeneration as well as commercialized graphite (CG). The result shows that regenerated graphite (RG) has a good degree of crystallinity and graphitization, which is very similar to that of CG. At last, RG exhibits an outstanding electrochemical property with an initial charge capacity of 353.4 mA h/g and a cyclic capacity stability of 99.4% in 50 cycles at 0.1 A/g, which is roughly equal to that of CG (355.6 mA h/g, 99.6%). Overall, this work clarifies phase transformation mechanism of impurities in low temperature sulfation roasting process, and also establishes a basic theory for graphite regeneration.

Suggested Citation

  • Gao, Yang & Zhang, Jialiang & Chen, Yongqiang & Wang, Ling & Wang, Chengyan, 2023. "Graphite regenerating from retired (LFP) lithium-ion battery: Phase transformation mechanism of impurities in low-temperature sulfation roasting process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 290-299.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:204:y:2023:i:c:p:290-299
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.024
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148123000307
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.024?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Lin & Dababneh, Fadwa & Zhao, Jing, 2018. "Cost-effective supply chain for electric vehicle battery remanufacturing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 277-286.
    2. Hongxia Chen & Jeongsoo Yu & Xiaoyue Liu, 2022. "Development Strategies and Policy Trends of the Next-Generation Vehicles Battery: Focusing on the International Comparison of China, Japan and South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-12, September.
    3. Karakurt, Izzet & Aydin, Gokhan, 2023. "Development of regression models to forecast the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in the BRICS and MINT countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Xiong, Wei & Xie, Fang & Xu, Gang & Li, Yumei & Li, Ben & Mo, Yimin & Ma, Fei & Wei, Keke, 2023. "Co-estimation of the model parameter and state of charge for retired lithium-ion batteries over a wide temperature range and battery degradation scope," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tang, Yanyan & Zhang, Qi & Li, Yaoming & Li, Hailong & Pan, Xunzhang & Mclellan, Benjamin, 2019. "The social-economic-environmental impacts of recycling retired EV batteries under reward-penalty mechanism," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Mkono, Christopher N. & Chuanbo, Shen & Mulashani, Alvin K. & Mwakipunda, Grant Charles, 2023. "Deep learning integrated approach for hydrocarbon source rock evaluation and geochemical indicators prediction in the Jurassic - Paleogene of the Mandawa basin, SE Tanzania," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    3. Liu, Huaqiang & Ahmad, Shakeel & Shi, Yu & Zhao, Jiyun, 2021. "A parametric study of a hybrid battery thermal management system that couples PCM/copper foam composite with helical liquid channel cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    4. Bekun, Festus Victor, 2024. "Race to carbon neutrality in South Africa: What role does environmental technological innovation play?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 354(PA).
    5. Zhujun Wang & Qin Su & Bi Wang & Jie Wang, 2023. "Improving Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Information Security by User Behavior Monitoring Algorithm Incorporated in Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-14, February.
    6. Gao, Kaiyang & Yang, Yongliang & Yan, Qi & Li, Purui & Zhang, Yifan & Wang, Guoqin, 2024. "Preparation and study of a sodium alginate film for preventing spontaneous combustion of water-soaked coal in goaf," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    7. Lopez, Neil Stephen & Tria, Lew Andrew & Tayo, Leo Allen & Cruzate, Rovinna Janel & Oppus, Carlos & Cabacungan, Paul & Isla, Igmedio & Ansay, Arjun & Garcia, Teodinis & Cabarrubias-Dela Cruz, Kevien &, 2021. "Societal cost-benefit analysis of electric vehicles in the Philippines with the inclusion of impacts to balance of payments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    8. Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene & Figen Yıldırım & Shahryar Ghorbani & Renata Činčikaitė, 2022. "The Design of a Multi-Period and Multi-Echelon Perishable Goods Supply Network under Uncertainty," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    9. Krishnamurthy Baskar Keerthana & Shih-Wei Wu & Mu-En Wu & Thangavelu Kokulnathan, 2023. "The United States Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Comprehensive Forecast Using a Regression Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-20, May.
    10. Nie, Wen & Jiang, Chenwang & Sun, Ning & Guo, Lidian & Xue, Qianqian & Liu, Qiang & Liu, Chengyi & Cha, Xingpeng & Yi, Shixing, 2023. "Analysis of multi-factor ventilation parameters for reducing energy air pollution in coal mines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    11. Nguyen-Tien, Viet & Dai, Qiang & Harper, Gavin D.J. & Anderson, Paul A. & Elliott, Robert J.R., 2022. "Optimising the geospatial configuration of a future lithium ion battery recycling industry in the transition to electric vehicles and a circular economy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    12. Gulay, Emrah & Sen, Mustafa & Akgun, Omer Burak, 2024. "Forecasting electricity production from various energy sources in Türkiye: A predictive analysis of time series, deep learning, and hybrid models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    13. Zhang, Huiming & Huang, Jiying & Hu, Ruohan & Zhou, Dequn & Khan, Haroon ur Rashid & Ma, Changxian, 2020. "Echelon utilization of waste power batteries in new energy vehicles: Review of Chinese policies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    14. Opeoluwa Seun Ojekemi & Mehmet Ağa & Cosimo Magazzino, 2023. "Towards Achieving Sustainability in the BRICS Economies: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Risk," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-18, July.
    15. Zhang, Wenbei & Luckert, Marty & Qiu, Feng, 2023. "Asymmetric price transmission and impulse responses from U.S. crude oil to jet fuel and diesel markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    16. Lander, Laura & Tagnon, Chris & Nguyen-Tien, Viet & Kendrick, Emma & Elliott, Robert J.R. & Abbott, Andrew P. & Edge, Jacqueline S. & Offer, Gregory J., 2023. "Breaking it down: A techno-economic assessment of the impact of battery pack design on disassembly costs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    17. Wu, Xinyu & Wu, Yiyang & Cheng, Xilong & Cheng, Chuntian & Li, Zehong & Wu, Yongqi, 2023. "A mixed-integer linear programming model for hydro unit commitment considering operation constraint priorities," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 507-520.
    18. Dou, Haoran & Ni, Guanhua & Sun, Gongshuai & Li, Zhao & Yin, Xianlong & Huang, Qiming & Wang, Zhenyang, 2023. "Study on dominant structural factors and laws of combustion performance of acidified coal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    19. Zhang, Huiming & Zhu, Kexin & Hang, Zixuan & Zhou, Dequn & Zhou, Yi & Xu, Zhidong, 2022. "Waste battery-to-reutilization decisions under government subsidies: An evolutionary game approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    20. Wang, Youshi & Wang, Hanpeng & Sun, Dekang & Lin, Chunjin & Yu, Xinping & Hou, Fubin & Bai, Zihan, 2024. "Permeability evolution of deep-buried coal based on NMR analysis: CO2 adsorption and water content effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:204:y:2023:i:c:p:290-299. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.