Real direct urea fuel Fell operation using standalone Ni-based metal-organic framework prepared by ball mill at room temperature

Climate change and health issues are exacerbated by fossil fuel use. Efficient environmental energy conversion devices can reduce these effects. For the first time, we used a simple ball milling approach to manufacture a Nickel-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) at ambient temperature directly onto a carbon cloth surface (Ni-MOF/CC) for a direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) anode. The prepared materials' crystaline structure, surface topography, and elemental content were studied using X-Ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope with an EDS analyzer. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance electrochemical spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry were used in a three-electrode cell configuration to evaluate the material's electrochemical oxidation efficiency, particularly toward urea. In-Situ, under real fuel cell operation circumstances, we tested the electrodes in a two-electrode cell configuration. The Ni-MOF/CC exhibited a 0.35 V onset potential owed to Ni(OH)2 (Ni+2)/Ni+3 NiOOH active site. The electrode was stable for urea oxidation and operated well under real fuel cell conditions, producing 5 mW/cm2 using 1 M urea. The Ni-based MOF's fast charge and mass transfer capabilities, which was directly synthesized onto the carbon cloth surface, make the produced electrode operate well compared with bare carbon cloth. The results of the current work allow for more efficient environmental energy conversion devices that will reduce global warming.