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Do leveraged exchange-traded products deliver their stated multiples?

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  • Loviscek, Anthony
  • Tang, Hongfei
  • Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor

Abstract

Using the longest history of a U.S. equity market index, this paper simulates the return deviation and multiple deviation for Leveraged Exchange-Traded Products (LETPs) with different rebalancing frequencies, including daily, monthly, annually, and every five years, over various holding periods. We find that the general perception that daily-rebalanced LETPs are not suitable for long-term strategies is not substantiated. Advancing the analysis, we construct a comprehensive framework that determines the deviation of an LETP’s effective multiple from its stated product multiple under various rebalancing frequencies and holding period scenarios. The empirical framework and results from this paper hold the promise of guiding regulators, policy makers, and investors in their understanding of the tracking performance of LETPs.

Suggested Citation

  • Loviscek, Anthony & Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2014. "Do leveraged exchange-traded products deliver their stated multiples?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 29-47.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:43:y:2014:i:c:p:29-47
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.02.008
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tang, Hongfei & Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, 2013. "Solving the Return Deviation Conundrum of Leveraged Exchange-Traded Funds," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(1), pages 309-342, February.
    2. Lucy F. Ackert & Yisong S. Tian, 2000. "Arbitrage and Valuation in the Market forStandard and Poor's Depository Receipts," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 29(3), Fall.
    3. Charupat, Narat & Miu, Peter, 2011. "The pricing and performance of leveraged exchange-traded funds," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 966-977, April.
    4. Choudhry, Taufiq, 2010. "World War II events and the Dow Jones industrial index," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 1022-1031, May.
    5. Silber, William L., 2005. "What happened to liquidity when world war I shut the NYSE?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(3), pages 685-701, December.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Hongfei Tang & Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu, 2019. "Dissecting the tracking performance of regular and leveraged VIX ETPs," Review of Derivatives Research, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 261-327, July.
    2. Yuan, Ying & Huang, Yizhao & Chen, Haoran, 2021. "Monthly-rebalanced leveraged exchange-traded products: Performance and mandatory rebalancing needs," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    3. Ivanov, Ivan T. & Lenkey, Stephen L., 2018. "Do leveraged ETFs really amplify late-day returns and volatility?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 36-56.
    4. Ramesh Adhikari & Humnath Panta & M. Kabir Hassan, 2020. "Performance of ProShares Triple-Leveraged Equity ETFs," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 28(2), pages 1-18.
    5. Lee, Kyuseok & Kim, Soo-Hyun, 2018. "Do Leveraged/Inverse Etfs Wag The Underlying Market? : Evidence From The Korean Stock Market," Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, vol. 59(2), pages 83-94, December.
    6. Rainer Schad, 2018. "Competition Between Volatility and Overall Market Gain and the Performance of Leveraged Index Funds," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 9(3), pages 20-25, July.
    7. John, Alexander & DeVault, Luke, 2023. "Implicit leverage: Can accrued fees cause levered ETN returns?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 55(PB).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Leveraged Exchange-Traded Products (LETPs); Return Multiple; Rebalancing period;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

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