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Financial inclusion and energy access: Evidence from Kenya

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  • Mbate, Michael
  • Fall, El Hadji

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between financial inclusion and energy access, leveraging micro-level survey data from Kenya (2016–2018) and employing propensity score matching to establish causal linkages. The analysis reveals that financial inclusion significantly enhances energy access, with distinct variations across financial institutions and energy types. Financial inclusion operates through three critical mechanisms: increasing households’ willingness to pay for energy, alleviating upfront connection costs via flexible payment schemes, and enabling seamless energy-related transactions through digital platforms. These findings underscore the importance of inclusive financial policies and the role of formal and informal financial institutions as intermediaries in addressing energy poverty.

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  • Mbate, Michael & Fall, El Hadji, 2025. "Financial inclusion and energy access: Evidence from Kenya," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 4(2).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ingrde:v:4:y:2025:i:2:s2949753125000165
    DOI: 10.1016/j.igd.2025.100219
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial inclusion; Energy access; Propensity score matching; Willingness to pay; Energy costs; Digital platforms;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • N27 - Economic History - - Financial Markets and Institutions - - - Africa; Oceania

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