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Deciphering methanolysis of modified waste coconut scum oil into biodiesel using green NaOH/SnO2 nanocatalyst: Optimization, thermo-kinetics, cost-evaluation and diesel engine studies

Author

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  • Yatish, K.V.
  • Omkaresh, B.R.
  • Amruth, E.
  • Mounesh,
  • Prashanth, K.N.

Abstract

High-quality biodiesel production mainly depends on the quality of the feedstock utilized. Improving the feedstock quality is greatly desired and can be applied to any feedstock to increase biodiesel production. Waste coconut scum oil (WCSO) is treated with cyclo-pentyl-methyl ether (CPME) to improve the miscibility and mass transfer for biodiesel generation. The sodium hydroxide integrated with tin oxide nanoparticles (NaOH/SnO2 NPs) is used as an effective catalyst for treated-feedstock biodiesel production. Initially, SnO2 NPS are synthesized using A. polystachya leaves extract and synthesized SnO2 is characterized through various techniques. A maximum yield of 99.7 % is achieved under the conditions of 10 % v/v CPME co-solvent, a 3 wt%SnO2/0.15 wt%NaOH catalyst concentration, reaction temperature of 60 °C, molar ratio of 11:1, reaction time of 40 min, and an agitation speed of 600 rpm. Notably, NaOH/SnO2 showed excellent reusability up to the 6th cycle, and the fuel properties treated with CPME showed good properties compared to bare feedstock. The calculated activation energy for conversion of oil to methyl esters was found to be 38.19 kJ/mol, and the frequency factor was 2.2 × 104 min−1. The thermodynamic analysis shows that the enthalpy and entropy of the activation process are found to be 35.47 kJ/mol and −0.17 kJ/mol.K, respectively. The economic analysis demonstrated that, the cost of biodiesel using NaOH/SnO2 nanocatalyst is 78.74 ($0.90). Further, addition of CPME in the biodiesel/diesel blend improved various performance parameters. At 3.48 kW, 1.33 % of BTE increases using B20-15CPME, whereas B20-5CPME decreases, at 0.87 kW, 3.4 % decreases and at 3.49 kW, BSFC increases using B20-15CPME. At 3.48 kW, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) decrease to 48 % and 5.65 %, respectively, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) increase to 9.37 % and 16.53 %, compared to diesel fuel.

Suggested Citation

  • Yatish, K.V. & Omkaresh, B.R. & Amruth, E. & Mounesh, & Prashanth, K.N., 2025. "Deciphering methanolysis of modified waste coconut scum oil into biodiesel using green NaOH/SnO2 nanocatalyst: Optimization, thermo-kinetics, cost-evaluation and diesel engine studies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:341:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225051576
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139515
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