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Effect of catalyst synthesis of bimetallic nickel-cobalt supported iron-based catalysts on converting palm kernel oil into bio-jet fuel via deoxygenation reaction

Author

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  • Adzahar, Nur Athirah
  • AbdulKareem-Alsultan, G.
  • Mijan, N. Asikin
  • Mastuli, M.S.
  • Lee, H.V.
  • Taufiq-Yap, Y.H.

Abstract

Bimetallic nickel-cobalt supported magnetite catalyst has been synthesized using varies techniques such as hydrothermal reactor (R), wet-impregnation (W) and co-precipitation (C) approaches in order to study the effect of preparation methods on the catalytic efficiency of NiCo/Fe3O4 catalyst in transforming the PKO into bio-jet fuel via deoxygenation (DO) reaction. Noted, co-precipitation method rendered greater changes on textural morphological changes, with NiCo/Fe3O4 (C) specific surface area were 157 m2/g followed by Fe3O4 (25 m2/g), NiCo/Fe3O4 (W) (7 m2/g) and NiCo/Fe3O4 (R) (2 m2/g), respectively. Indeed, NiCo/Fe3O4 (C) showed highest weak + strong acidic sites (15,038.1 μmol/g). The efficiency of the DO followed NiCo/Fe3O4 (C) > NiCo/Fe3O4 (W) > NiCo/Fe3O4 (R) > Fe3O4, whereby the highest hydrocarbon yield was 90 % and 21 % is the lowest. Noteworthy to mention, all of the liquid product exhibited selectivity of over 90 % towards the kerosene range. The deoxygenation reaction was optimized using the most effective catalyst, NiCo/Fe3O4 (C) catalyst, through the OVAT technique. The results showed that the optimal conditions were achieved at a temperature of 350 °C within 3 h by using 5 wt% of catalyst loading. The reusability and stability of the NiCo/Fe3O4 (C) catalyst were examined, revealing that the catalyst may be reused for up to 8 runs. During these runs, the catalyst achieved a hydrocarbon yield of up to 55 % and a BJF selectivity of over 95 %. The decrease in the yield and selectivity was attributed to coking, specifically in the form of graphitic carbon.

Suggested Citation

  • Adzahar, Nur Athirah & AbdulKareem-Alsultan, G. & Mijan, N. Asikin & Mastuli, M.S. & Lee, H.V. & Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., 2025. "Effect of catalyst synthesis of bimetallic nickel-cobalt supported iron-based catalysts on converting palm kernel oil into bio-jet fuel via deoxygenation reaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:314:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224037356
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133957
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