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Techno-economic analysis of energy storage systems using reversible fuel cells and rechargeable batteries in green buildings

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  • Chadly, Assia
  • Azar, Elie
  • Maalouf, Maher
  • Mayyas, Ahmad

Abstract

Green and energy-efficient buildings have gained wider acceptance in the last few years due to their ability to save energy and, in certain cases, the ability to generate electricity using rooftop photovoltaic solar cells or other renewable energy sources. One of the major challenges for these buildings is having economic energy storage systems (ESS) that can reduce the effect of electricity curtailment. This paper proposes a techno-economic model that evaluates and compares three ESS technologies linked to a stand-alone photovoltaic system, namely lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries (LIB), proton-exchange membranes reversible fuel cells (PEM RFC), and reversible solid oxide cells (RSOC). The model accounts for the degradation of the considered systems while evaluating their economics using the Levelized Cost of Energy Storage (LCOS) metric. The capabilities of the model are illustrated using a case study of a typical commercial building located in Los Angeles, California. The resulting LCOS levels without considering degradation are 41.73 ¢/kWh for PEM RFC, 28.18¢/kWh for RSOC, and 25.85¢/kWh for LIB. On the other hand, while considering the degradation the resulting LCOS at the end of the first year are 41.79 ¢/kWh for PEM RFC, 28.29¢/kWh for RSOC, and 27.35¢/kWh for LIB. Sensitivity analyses show that the LCOS of three considered ESS is sensitive to changes in capital costs, lifetime, discount rate, and round-trip efficiency. Moreover, the changes along the polarization curve show the most efficient configuration (highest efficiency and lowest LCOS) for PEM RFC. The study shows how Li-ion batteries and fuel cells are economically attractive and help improve the reliability and resiliency of power grids in the long term although they are prone to degradation.

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  • Chadly, Assia & Azar, Elie & Maalouf, Maher & Mayyas, Ahmad, 2022. "Techno-economic analysis of energy storage systems using reversible fuel cells and rechargeable batteries in green buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:247:y:2022:i:c:s0360544222003693
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123466
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Dewi, Retno Gumilang & Siagian, Ucok Welo Risma & Asmara, Briantama & Anggraini, Syahrina Dyah & Ichihara, Jun & Kobashi, Takuro, 2023. "Equitable, affordable, and deep decarbonization pathways for low-latitude developing cities by rooftop photovoltaics integrated with electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    3. Ćalasan, Martin & Abdel Aleem, Shady H.E. & Hasanien, Hany M. & Alaas, Zuhair M. & Ali, Ziad M., 2023. "An innovative approach for mathematical modeling and parameter estimation of PEM fuel cells based on iterative Lambert W function," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    4. Marcelino, C.G. & Leite, G.M.C. & Wanner, E.F. & Jiménez-Fernández, S. & Salcedo-Sanz, S., 2023. "Evaluating the use of a Net-Metering mechanism in microgrids to reduce power generation costs with a swarm-intelligent algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    5. Julian David Hunt & Behnam Zakeri & Andreas Nascimento & Diego Augusto de Jesus Pacheco & Epari Ritesh Patro & Bojan Đurin & Márcio Giannini Pereira & Walter Leal Filho & Yoshihide Wada, 2023. "Isothermal Deep Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage: An Affordable Solution for Seasonal Energy Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-18, March.
    6. Corneliu Marinescu, 2022. "Progress in the Development and Implementation of Residential EV Charging Stations Based on Renewable Energy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-31, December.
    7. Yingyue Li & Hongjun Li & Rui Miao & He Qi & Yi Zhang, 2023. "Energy–Environment–Economy (3E) Analysis of the Performance of Introducing Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems into Residential Buildings: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-25, June.

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