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Environmental load assessment for an integrated design of microalgae system of palm oil mill in Indonesia

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  • Sasongko, Nugroho Adi
  • Noguchi, Ryozo
  • Ahamed, Tofael

Abstract

The environmental load of continuous bioenergy production from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) included with a proposed 10 ha of microalgae production system were assessed to be implemented in Indonesia. Material and energy balances, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, nutrient requirement and also water scarcity during bioenergy production cycle were evaluated. The integrated system was developed for 60 tons h−1 of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) processing capacity of a conventional mill. Aggregate of energy-profit ratio from the proposed system was 5.20, which indicates a positive balance. The total water footprint for each palm oil and microalgae cultivation was 3.18 and 2.85 m3 kg−1 of biodiesel production, respectively. Microalgae mix-culture has the potential to treat organic compounds from palm oil mill effluent (POME) and combined with flue gases from biomass and biogas power plant as the alternative nutrient sources contributed to net-reduction of GHG emission for 158.8 tons ha−1 of microalgae culture, annually. The integrated system produced 26,471 tons of biodiesel that included 223 tons from microalgae and contribute to 39.90% of total GHG emission reduction from diesel fuel substitute. Additional co-product of 520.33 tons year−1 of animal feed from defatted biomass also possible to be produced and have potential for environmental benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Sasongko, Nugroho Adi & Noguchi, Ryozo & Ahamed, Tofael, 2018. "Environmental load assessment for an integrated design of microalgae system of palm oil mill in Indonesia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1148-1160.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:159:y:2018:i:c:p:1148-1160
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.144
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    1. Phuang, Zhen Xin & Woon, Kok Sin & Wong, Khai Jian & Liew, Peng Yen & Hanafiah, Marlia Mohd, 2021. "Unlocking the environmental hotspots of palm biodiesel upstream production in Malaysia via life cycle assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    2. Nugroho Adi Sasongko & Ryozo Noguchi & Junko Ito & Mikihide Demura & Sosaku Ichikawa & Mitsutoshi Nakajima & Makoto M. Watanabe, 2018. "Engineering Study of a Pilot Scale Process Plant for Microalgae-Oil Production Utilizing Municipal Wastewater and Flue Gases: Fukushima Pilot Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-24, June.
    3. Braud, L. & McDonnell, K. & Murphy, F., 2023. "Environmental life cycle assessment of algae systems: Critical review of modelling approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).

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