The policy dimension of energy transition: The Brazilian case in promoting renewable energies (2000–2022)

Policies can play a central role in the energy transition by promoting renewable sources. The successful implementation of sustainable energy and climate policies requires political will and public support. Governments in many countries are taking measures to drive changes in energy systems and incentivize renewable energies. Drawing on the Brazilian regulations and the database from the National Agency of Electric Energy, in this article, we examine the public policy design and implementation to boost renewable energy, as well as the emerging configuration of the sectoral governance that stems from energy policies. The installed electricity capacity in Brazil is mostly renewable due to hydropower. However, territorial matters of hydropower plant locations in areas with high biodiversity, the uncertainty about future water availability, and the impact of climate change on water resources impose a challenge on sectoral planning for understanding the spatial and water-energy nexus to avoid unintended consequences, as well as to promote alternative renewable energies. Strategies for expanding alternative sources need to consider, the growing presence of private agents (national and international) in the electricity sectoral configuration, which can shape national policies seeking their interest. Thus, the sectoral policy must seek to engage them in the decarbonization policy. On the other hand, adequate territorial planning, regulations, and policies that may shape the nature of the expansion, pace, and direction of the low-carbon energy transition also need to be considered.