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Direct and modifying influences of selected risk factors on children's pre-adoption functioning and post-adoption adjustment

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  • Goldman, Gerri DeLong
  • Ryan, Scott D.

Abstract

Child adoption outcomes are influenced by child's behavior and parents' expectations (Haugaard & Hazan, 2003). Pre-adoption risk factors, such as prenatal alcohol, tobacco and/or other drug (ATOD) exposure, male sex, sexual abuse, and multiple out-of-home placements have been linked to increased externalizing (acting out) behaviors that are difficult to manage and are most closely associated with adoption disruption (Barth, 1991, 2001 Rosenthal & Groze, 1991; Smith & Howard, 1999). However, adoption researchers have found that positive outcomes (fewer externalizing behaviors) are possible for children who have been exposed to pre-adoption risk factors, suggesting that adoptive families provide protective environments that allow healing (Barth, 1991, 1993; Barth & Brooks, 2000). The current study sought to increase understanding of the influence of these pre-adoption risk factors on adoption outcome with attention to the influence of prenatal alcohol, tobacco, and/or other drug (ATOD) exposure. Results indicated that pre-adoption functioning was significantly influenced by prenatal ATOD exposure, but post-adoption adjustment was not. Structural equation modeling then was used to analyze both the direct and moderating influences of the identified risk factors on the relationship between the child's pre-adoption functioning and post-adoption adjustment. Negative influences of the risk factors on the child's externalizing behavior, individually and additively, in both direct effects and moderation analyses, were not found, with one exception. The only model to have a statistically significant effect was the moderation analysis containing the interaction of all four risk factors. Child development, child welfare, addiction professionals, and adoptive families will find this information to be of value in their quest to facilitate successful adoptions and growth of healthy children and families.

Suggested Citation

  • Goldman, Gerri DeLong & Ryan, Scott D., 2011. "Direct and modifying influences of selected risk factors on children's pre-adoption functioning and post-adoption adjustment," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 291-300, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:cysrev:v:33:y:2011:i:2:p:291-300
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Brooks, Devon & Barth, Richard P., 1998. "Characteristics and outcomes of drug-exposed and non drug-exposed children in kinship and non-relative foster care," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(6), pages 475-501, July.
    2. Rosenthal, James A. & Groze, Victor, 1991. "Behavioral problems of special needs adopted children," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(5-6), pages 343-361.
    3. Barth, Richard P., 1991. "Adoption of drug-exposed children," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(5-6), pages 323-342.
    4. Ledyard Tucker & Charles Lewis, 1973. "A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 38(1), pages 1-10, March.
    5. Barth, Richard P. & Needell, Barbara, 1996. "Outcomes for drug-exposed children four years post-adoption," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(1-2), pages 37-56.
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    1. Liao, Minli, 2016. "Factors affecting post-permanency adjustment for children in adoption or guardianship placements: An ecological systems analysis," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 131-143.
    2. Manso, Juan Manuel Moreno & García-Baamonde, Mª. Elena & Alonso, Macarena Blázquez, 2011. "Design of a language stimulation program for children suffering abuse," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1325-1331, July.
    3. Kernreiter, Jennifer & Klier, Claudia & Zeiler, Michael & Huscsava, Mercedes M. & Fiala, Christian & Felnhofer, Anna, 2020. "The anonymously adopted child: Impact of age and parental psychopathology on adoptees’ mental health," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    4. Faver, Catherine A. & Alanis, Erika, 2012. "Fostering empathy through stories: A pilot program for special needs adoptive families," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 660-665.

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