Electricity-hydrogen-heat coupled sharing for multi-energy buildings: A game theoretic approach

The accelerating integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) has introduced significant challenges to the coordination and low-carbon operation of multi-energy building systems. To further facilitate the renewable energy accommodation and achieve carbon emissions reduction, this paper proposes an electricity‑hydrogen-heat coupled sharing framework for multi-energy buildings based on coalitional game theory. In this framework, a novel concept of combined heat and hydrogen (CHH) is introduced in an aggregator of prosumers (AOP). The CHH acts as a flexible heat source, hydrogen producer, and controllable electric load, with the AOP providing both electricity and heat to the multiple buildings. To enhance the operational flexibility of hydrogen-blended combined heat and power (CHP), hybrid operation mode is empowered to break its inherent operational limitation and expand its feasible region. In order to achieve the proactive and fair electricity‑hydrogen-heat coupled sharing, a coalition game model with a two-step reward allocation scheme is proposed for multi-energy buildings and AOP. A distributed optimization algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is further developed to guarantee the privacy and security of individual users through limited information exchange. Finally, the case study involving six building users is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in improving renewable energy utilization, facilitating energy sharing, and reducing carbon emissions.