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Exploring the boundaries of Solar Home Systems (SHS) for off-grid electrification: Optimal SHS sizing for the multi-tier framework for household electricity access

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  • Narayan, Nishant
  • Chamseddine, Ali
  • Vega-Garita, Victor
  • Qin, Zian
  • Popovic-Gerber, Jelena
  • Bauer, Pavol
  • Zeman, Miroslav

Abstract

With almost 1.1 billion people lacking access to electricity, solar-based off-grid products like Solar Home Systems (SHS) have become a promising solution to provide basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions. Therefore, optimal system sizing is a vital task as both oversizing and undersizing a system can be detrimental to system cost and power availability, respectively. This paper presents an optimal SHS sizing methodology that minimizes the loss of load probability (LLP), excess energy dump, and battery size while maximizing the battery lifetime. A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to evaluate the optimal SHS sizes. The potential for SHS to cater to every tier of the Multi-tier framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access is examined. The optimal system sizes for standalone SHS are found for different LLP thresholds. Results show that beyond tier 2, the present day SHS sizing needs to be expanded significantly to meet the load demand. Additionally, it is deemed untenable to meet the electricity needs of the higher tiers of MTF purely through standalone SHS without compromising one or more of the system metrics. A way forward is proposed to take the SHS concept all the way up the energy ladder such that load demand can also be satisfied at tier 4 and 5 levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Narayan, Nishant & Chamseddine, Ali & Vega-Garita, Victor & Qin, Zian & Popovic-Gerber, Jelena & Bauer, Pavol & Zeman, Miroslav, 2019. "Exploring the boundaries of Solar Home Systems (SHS) for off-grid electrification: Optimal SHS sizing for the multi-tier framework for household electricity access," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 907-917.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:240:y:2019:i:c:p:907-917
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.053
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    1. Schmid, Fabian & Behrendt, Frank, 2023. "Genetic sizing optimization of residential multi-carrier energy systems: The aim of energy autarky and its cost," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    2. Aziz, Shakila & Chowdhury, Shahriar Ahmed, 2021. "Determinants of off-grid electrification choice and expenditure: Evidence from Bangladesh," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    3. Rebekka Besner & Kedar Mehta & Wilfried Zörner, 2023. "How to Enhance Energy Services in Informal Settlements? Qualitative Comparison of Renewable Energy Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    4. Jurasz, Jakub & Guezgouz, Mohammed & Campana, Pietro E. & Kies, Alexander, 2022. "On the impact of load profile data on the optimization results of off-grid energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    5. Wen, Cheng & Lovett, Jon C. & Kwayu, Emmanuel J. & Msigwa, Consalva, 2023. "Off-grid households’ preferences for electricity services: Policy implications for mini-grid deployment in rural Tanzania," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    6. Nishant Narayan & Ali Chamseddine & Victor Vega-Garita & Zian Qin & Jelena Popovic-Gerber & Pavol Bauer & Miroslav Zeman, 2019. "Quantifying the Benefits of a Solar Home System-Based DC Microgrid for Rural Electrification," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-22, March.
    7. Norasikin Ahmad Ludin & Nurfarhana Alyssa Ahmad Affandi & Kathleen Purvis-Roberts & Azah Ahmad & Mohd Adib Ibrahim & Kamaruzzaman Sopian & Sufian Jusoh, 2021. "Environmental Impact and Levelised Cost of Energy Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Selected Asia Pacific Region: A Cradle-to-Grave Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-21, January.
    8. Bertheau, Paul, 2020. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy on local development and the Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from a small Philippine island," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    9. Vivien Kizilcec & Catalina Spataru & Aldo Lipani & Priti Parikh, 2022. "Forecasting Solar Home System Customers’ Electricity Usage with a 3D Convolutional Neural Network to Improve Energy Access," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-25, January.
    10. Fernando Antonanzas-Torres & Javier Antonanzas & Julio Blanco-Fernandez, 2021. "Environmental Impact of Solar Home Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-19, August.
    11. Isabelo Rabuya & Melissa Libres & Michael Lochinvar Abundo & Evelyn Taboada, 2021. "Moving Up the Electrification Ladder in Off-Grid Settlements with Rooftop Solar Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-32, June.
    12. Nishant Narayan & Victor Vega-Garita & Zian Qin & Jelena Popovic-Gerber & Pavol Bauer & Miro Zeman, 2020. "The Long Road to Universal Electrification: A Critical Look at Present Pathways and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-20, January.
    13. Hirwa, Jusse & Zolan, Alexander & Becker, William & Flamand, Tülay & Newman, Alexandra, 2023. "Optimizing design and dispatch of a resilient renewable energy microgrid for a South African hospital," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    14. Olumide Hassan & Stephen Morse & Matthew Leach, 2020. "The Energy Lock-In Effect of Solar Home Systems: A Case Study in Rural Nigeria," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-24, December.
    15. Thomas, P.J.M. & Sandwell, P. & Williamson, S.J. & Harper, P.W., 2021. "A PESTLE analysis of solar home systems in refugee camps in Rwanda," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).

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