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Biofuel-water-land nexus in the last agricultural frontier region of the Brazilian Cerrado

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  • Rodriguez, Renata del G.
  • Scanlon, Bridget R.
  • King, Carey W.
  • Scarpare, Fabio V.
  • Xavier, Alexandre C.
  • Pruski, Fernando F.

Abstract

The sustainability of biofuels depends on considering the environmental consequences of using water and land resources for bioenergy production. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for biofuel crop expansion by combining water footprint, water availability, and land availability in the last agricultural frontier region of Brazil using the Corrente Basin as a case study. Results show that the water footprint (ratio of water consumption to biomass or energy production) of sugarcane is low (114–190 m3 Mg−1) reflecting high water consumption (∼9000 m3 ha−1) divided by high crop yield (∼50–80 Mg ha−1), including millable stalks. However, water consumption for sugarcane grown in this area (9370 m3 ha−1) exceeds water availability in much of the basin (90th percentile of streamflow), which limits sugarcane expansion. In contrast, the water footprint of soybeans (900–2600 m3 Mg−1) is 8–14 times higher than that of sugarcane, reflecting much lower water consumption (∼1500–3800 m3 Mg−1) and even lower crop yield (0.7–4.3 Mg ha−1), limited to grains, relative to sugarcane. The low water consumption of soybeans allows expansion under rainfed agriculture during the wet 1st harvest season over 22% of the region and under irrigation during the dry 2nd harvest season over 13% of the region, without the need for deforestation of the Cerrado biome. This soybean expansion represents ∼20 × 106 GJ of energy supply per year, ∼4 times current production. Surface water availability for irrigation extends into the dry season because of substantial groundwater discharge to streams during the dry season. Irrigation increases biofuel crop yield of sugarcane and soybeans, reducing land area required to produce an equivalent amount of biomass by 2 to 4 times relative to rainfed management. Therefore, water can be traded for land by expanding irrigated biofuel production, conserving more native Cerrado vegetation. Considering water and land requirements relative to availability for bioenergy crops provides data on potential increases in bioenergy production while minimizing clearing of native vegetation in the Brazilian agricultural frontier.

Suggested Citation

  • Rodriguez, Renata del G. & Scanlon, Bridget R. & King, Carey W. & Scarpare, Fabio V. & Xavier, Alexandre C. & Pruski, Fernando F., 2018. "Biofuel-water-land nexus in the last agricultural frontier region of the Brazilian Cerrado," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 1330-1345.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:231:y:2018:i:c:p:1330-1345
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.121
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    2. Fabio Vale Scarpare & Luciana do Carmo Zotelli & Robson Barizon & Sergio Gustavo Quassi de Castro & Andre Herman Freire Bezerra, 2023. "Leaching Runoff Fraction for Nitrate and Herbicides on Sugarcane Fields: Implications for Grey Water Footprint," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-15, April.
    3. Pulighe, Giuseppe & Pirelli, Tiziana, 2023. "Assessing the sustainability of bioenergy pathways through a land-water-energy nexus approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    4. Li, Mo & Fu, Qiang & Singh, Vijay P. & Liu, Dong & Li, Jiang, 2020. "Optimization of sustainable bioenergy production considering energy-food-water-land nexus and livestock manure under uncertainty," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    5. Yana, Syaifuddin & Nizar, Muhammad & Irhamni, & Mulyati, Dewi, 2022. "Biomass waste as a renewable energy in developing bio-based economies in Indonesia: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    6. Viccaro, Mauro & Caniani, Donatella & Masi, Salvatore & Romano, Severino & Cozzi, Mario, 2022. "Biofuels or not biofuels? The “Nexus Thinking” in land suitability analysis for energy crops," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 1050-1064.
    7. Caiado Couto, Lilia & Campos, Luiza C. & da Fonseca-Zang, Warde & Zang, Joachim & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2021. "Water, waste, energy and food nexus in Brazil: Identifying a resource interlinkage research agenda through a systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).

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