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Energy and environmental comparison of two-stage solutions for commercial refrigeration at low temperature: Fluids and systems

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  • Llopis, Rodrigo
  • Sánchez, Daniel
  • Sanz-Kock, Carlos
  • Cabello, Ramón
  • Torrella, Enrique

Abstract

International agreements will restrict in the near future the use of high-GWP refrigerants in Europe. These restrictions will favour the implantation of refrigeration systems with low-GWP fluids, especially in applications with high leakage rate. To clarify possible solutions that accomplish the forthcoming F-Gas Regulation, we present simplified models of five two-stage vapour compression refrigeration systems and evaluate them with low-GWP refrigerants (HFC, HFO and naturals). We analyse the energy performance over a wide range of evaporating and environment temperatures and present the TEWI analysis under a same scenario, typical of a centralized commercial refrigeration application. We conclude that, for high-GWP refrigerants, direct emissions have greater weight in TEWI than the indirect ones, so future solutions might be based on low-GWP fluids, in some cases with risk of toxicity or flammability. We observe the indirect two-stage systems (cascades) with CO2 as low temperature fluid are promising solutions, especially for warm regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Llopis, Rodrigo & Sánchez, Daniel & Sanz-Kock, Carlos & Cabello, Ramón & Torrella, Enrique, 2015. "Energy and environmental comparison of two-stage solutions for commercial refrigeration at low temperature: Fluids and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 133-142.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:138:y:2015:i:c:p:133-142
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.069
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sánchez, D. & Cabello, R. & Llopis, R. & Torrella, E., 2012. "Development and validation of a finite element model for water – CO2 coaxial gas-coolers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 637-647.
    2. Llopis, R. & Torrella, E. & Cabello, R. & Sánchez, D., 2010. "Performance evaluation of R404A and R507A refrigerant mixtures in an experimental double-stage vapour compression plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(5), pages 1546-1553, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Megdouli, K. & Ejemni, N. & Nahdi, E. & Mhimid, A. & Kairouani, L., 2017. "Thermodynamic analysis of a novel ejector expansion transcritical CO2/N2O cascade refrigeration (NEETCR) system for cooling applications at low temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 586-600.
    2. Muhammad Zahid Saeed & Luca Contiero & Stefanie Blust & Yosr Allouche & Armin Hafner & Trygve Magne Eikevik, 2023. "Ultra-Low-Temperature Refrigeration Systems: A Review and Performance Comparison of Refrigerants and Configurations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-31, October.
    3. Rami Mansouri & Baby-Jean Robert Mungyeko Bisulandu & Adrian Ilinca, 2023. "Assessing Energy Performance and Environmental Impact of Low GWP Vapor Compression Chilled Water Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.
    4. Yulong Song & Hongsheng Xie & Mengying Yang & Xiangyu Wei & Feng Cao & Xiang Yin, 2023. "A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 -Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Chen, Yi & Han, Wei & Jin, Hongguang, 2017. "Proposal and analysis of a novel heat-driven absorption–compression refrigeration system at low temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 2106-2116.
    6. Jesús Catalán-Gil & Daniel Sánchez & Rodrigo Llopis & Laura Nebot-Andrés & Ramón Cabello, 2018. "Energy Evaluation of Multiple Stage Commercial Refrigeration Architectures Adapted to F-Gas Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-31, July.
    7. Sun, Zhili & Liang, Youcai & Liu, Shengchun & Ji, Weichuan & Zang, Runqing & Liang, Rongzhen & Guo, Zhikai, 2016. "Comparative analysis of thermodynamic performance of a cascade refrigeration system for refrigerant couples R41/R404A and R23/R404A," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 19-25.
    8. Purohit, Nilesh & Sharma, Vishaldeep & Sawalha, Samer & Fricke, Brian & Llopis, Rodrigo & Dasgupta, Mani Sankar, 2018. "Integrated supermarket refrigeration for very high ambient temperature," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 572-590.
    9. Sun, Zhili & Wang, Qifan & Xie, Zhiyuan & Liu, Shengchun & Su, Dandan & Cui, Qi, 2019. "Energy and exergy analysis of low GWP refrigerants in cascade refrigeration system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 1170-1180.
    10. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    11. Huang, Tao & Bacher, Peder & Møller, Jan Kloppenborg & D’Ettorre, Francesco & Markussen, Wiebke Brix, 2023. "A step towards digital operations—A novel grey-box approach for modelling the heat dynamics of ultra-low temperature freezing chambers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    12. Song, Yulong & Wang, Haidan & Ma, Yuan & Yin, Xiang & Cao, Feng, 2022. "Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles’ air conditioning systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    13. Mota-Babiloni, Adrián & Barbosa, Jader R. & Makhnatch, Pavel & Lozano, Jaime A., 2020. "Assessment of the utilization of equivalent warming impact metrics in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).

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    Keywords

    Cascade; Two-stage; Low GWP; TEWI; Energy efficiency; R152a;
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