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The Role of the Compressor Isentropic Efficiency in Non-Intrusive Refrigerant Side Characterization of Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heaters

Author

Listed:
  • Francisco B. Lamas

    (TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal)

  • Vítor A. F. Costa

    (TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal)

Abstract

Characterizing the refrigerant side of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) can be intrusive and expensive. On the other hand, direct external measurement techniques can be unfeasible, particularly in commercial HPWHs for residential applications. Non-intrusive in situ characterization methods have already been successfully implemented in subcritical heat pumps. They provide the refrigerant mass flowrate and the equipment energy performance, by using contact temperature sensors and electric power meters. Subcritical suction and discharge-specific enthalpies necessary to apply the method can be obtained from the measured temperatures and their corresponding saturation pressures. Nevertheless, this approach does not apply to the transcritical CO 2 HPWHs. In the supercritical region, temperature and pressure are independent variables, and an iterative process regarding the compressor isentropic efficiency has to be considered. However, when isentropic efficiency data are not available, an additional procedure is required, using a validated gas cooler model to verify the physical reliability of the numerical solutions. This work aims at presenting base thermodynamic analysis of a novel methodology for non-intrusive refrigerant side characterization of transcritical CO 2 HPWHs, exploring the influence of the compressor isentropic efficiency condition.

Suggested Citation

  • Francisco B. Lamas & Vítor A. F. Costa, 2022. "The Role of the Compressor Isentropic Efficiency in Non-Intrusive Refrigerant Side Characterization of Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heaters," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:4:y:2022:i:3:p:50-823:d:890159
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sánchez, D. & Cabello, R. & Llopis, R. & Torrella, E., 2012. "Development and validation of a finite element model for water – CO2 coaxial gas-coolers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 637-647.
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