IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agisys/v186y2021ics0308521x20308209.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India

Author

Listed:
  • Kashyap, Durba
  • Agarwal, Tripti

Abstract

Carbon footprint and water footprint assessments can be powerful tools to guide sustainable food production systems. The present study simultaneously quantified the carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of rice and wheat production in the five agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India using farm survey data. Further, the variability in CF among the five agro-climatic zones and farm sizes was analysed. The carbon footprint per unit area of rice and wheat was found to be 8.80 ± 5.71 and 4.18 ± 1.13 t CO2eq/ha respectively. The CF per tonne of rice and wheat was 1.20 ± 0.70 and 0.83 ± 0.23 t CO2eq/t respectively. Large farms had 39% lower CF per tonne of rice compared to small farms. Residue burning, direct methane emissions and fertilizer use were the most important factors that contributed to the CF of rice and wheat production in Punjab. Nitrogen fertilizer use was identified as the major hotspot for mitigation. The average WF of rice and wheat was found to be 1097 and 871 m3/t respectively. A disparity between CROPWAT estimates of blue WF and actual blue water use was established indicating the need for actual blue WF accounting, particularly for flood irrigated crop production. Additionally, policy measures based on ground situation are discussed and the major role of local government policies in mitigating carbon and water footprint is highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • Kashyap, Durba & Agarwal, Tripti, 2021. "Carbon footprint and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agisys:v:186:y:2021:i:c:s0308521x20308209
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102959
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X20308209
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102959?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chandel, S.S. & Nagaraju Naik, M. & Chandel, Rahul, 2015. "Review of solar photovoltaic water pumping system technology for irrigation and community drinking water supplies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1084-1099.
    2. Lohan, Shiv Kumar & Jat, H.S. & Yadav, Arvind Kumar & Sidhu, H.S. & Jat, M.L. & Choudhary, Madhu & Peter, Jyotsna Kiran & Sharma, P.C., 2018. "Burning issues of paddy residue management in north-west states of India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 693-706.
    3. Singh, Karam, 2012. "Electricity Subsidy in Punjab Agriculture: Extent and Impact," Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, vol. 67(4), pages 1-16.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Guo, Fuxing & Wang, Yanping & Zhu, Haoyong & Zhang, Chuangye & Sun, Haowei & Fang, Zhuling & Yang, Jing & Zhang, Linsen & Mu, Yan & Man, Yu Bon & Wu, Fuyong, 2023. "Crop productivity and soil inorganic carbon change mediated by enhanced rock weathering in farmland: A comparative field analysis of multi-agroclimatic regions in central China," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    2. Ahmadi, Mojgan & Etedali, Hadi Ramezani & Elbeltagi, Ahmed, 2021. "Evaluation of the effect of climate change on maize water footprint under RCPs scenarios in Qazvin plain, Iran," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    3. Tarun Goswami & Somnath Ghosal, 2023. "Examining the groundwater level in a semi-arid district of eastern India: spatiotemporal trends, determinants, and future prospects," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 10929-10953, October.
    4. Marinos Stylianou & Iliana Papamichael & Irene Voukkali & Michail Tsangas & Michalis Omirou & Ioannis M. Ioannides & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2023. "LCA of Barley Production: A Case Study from Cyprus," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    5. Roudbari, Maziyar Vaez & Dehnavi, Ali & Jamshidi, Shervin & Yazdani, Mohamadreza, 2023. "A multi-pollutant pilot study to evaluate the grey water footprint of irrigated paddy rice," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    6. Ayben Polat Bulut, 2023. "Determining the water footprint of sunflower in Turkey and creating digital maps for sustainable agricultural water management," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 11999-12010, October.
    7. Sridhara, Shankarappa & Manoj, Konapura Nagaraja & Gopakkali, Pradeep, 2023. "A micro-level assessment of carbon equivalent greenhouse gas emission and energy budgeting of rice cultivation in India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Disha Gupta, 2023. "Free power, irrigation, and groundwater depletion: Impact of farm electricity policy of Punjab, India," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 54(4), pages 515-541, July.
    2. Xue, Jinlin, 2017. "Photovoltaic agriculture - New opportunity for photovoltaic applications in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1-9.
    3. Abderrazek Saoudi & Saber Krim & Mohamed Faouzi Mimouni, 2021. "Enhanced Intelligent Closed Loop Direct Torque and Flux Control of Induction Motor for Standalone Photovoltaic Water Pumping System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    4. Mohanty, Sthitapragyan & Patra, Prashanta K. & Sahoo, Sudhansu S. & Mohanty, Asit, 2017. "Forecasting of solar energy with application for a growing economy like India: Survey and implication," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 539-553.
    5. Maammeur, H. & Hamidat, A. & Loukarfi, L. & Missoum, M. & Abdeladim, K. & Nacer, T., 2017. "Performance investigation of grid-connected PV systems for family farms: case study of North-West of Algeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1208-1220.
    6. Mohammed Wazed, Saeed & Hughes, Ben Richard & O’Connor, Dominic & Kaiser Calautit, John, 2018. "A review of sustainable solar irrigation systems for Sub-Saharan Africa," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1206-1225.
    7. Muhsen, Dhiaa Halboot & Khatib, Tamer & Nagi, Farrukh, 2017. "A review of photovoltaic water pumping system designing methods, control strategies and field performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 70-86.
    8. Agir, Seven & Derin-Gure, Pinar & Senturk, Bilge, 2023. "Farmers’ perspectives on challenges and opportunities of agrivoltaics in Turkiye: An institutional perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 35-49.
    9. Venturini, Giada & Pizarro-Alonso, Amalia & Münster, Marie, 2019. "How to maximise the value of residual biomass resources: The case of straw in Denmark," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 369-388.
    10. Tamang, Phurba & Tyagi, Vinay Kumar & Gunjyal, Neelam & Rahmani, Ali Mohammad & Singh, Rajesh & Kumar, Pradeep & Ahmed, Banafsha & Tyagi, Pooja & Banu, Rajesh & Varjani, Sunita & Kazmi, A.A., 2023. "Free nitrous acid (FNA) pretreatment enhances biomethanation of lignocellulosic agro-waste (wheat straw)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    11. Akinyele, D.O. & Rayudu, R.K., 2016. "Community-based hybrid electricity supply system: A practical and comparative approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 608-628.
    12. Imad H. Ibrik, 2020. "Techno-economic Feasibility of Energy Supply of Water Pumping in Palestine by Photovoltaic-systems, Diesel Generators and Electric Grid," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 10(3), pages 69-75.
    13. Shaheen, Farhet & Shah, Farhed A., 2017. "Climate Change, Economic Growth, and Cooperative Management of Indus River Basin," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258350, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    14. Arsénio José Mindú & Jó António Capece & Rui Esteves Araújo & Armando C. Oliveira, 2021. "Feasibility of Utilizing Photovoltaics for Irrigation Purposes in Moamba, Mozambique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-16, October.
    15. Gaurav Kumar Porichha & Yulin Hu & Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara Rao & Chunbao Charles Xu, 2021. "Crop Residue Management in India: Stubble Burning vs. Other Utilizations including Bioenergy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-17, July.
    16. Mahesh Vinayak Hadole & Kamlesh Narayan Tiwari & Prabodh Bajpai, 2021. "Energy generation and flow rate prediction of photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 6722-6733, May.
    17. Martínez-Jaramillo, Juan Esteban & van Ackere, Ann & Larsen, Erik R., 2020. "Towards a solar-hydro based generation: The case of Switzerland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    18. Rahman, Syed Mahbubur & Mori, Akihisa & Rahman, Syed Mustafizur, 2022. "How does climate adaptation co-benefits help scale-up solar-powered irrigation? A case of the Barind Tract, Bangladesh," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 1039-1048.
    19. Javed, Muhammad Shahzad & Ma, Tao & Jurasz, Jakub & Amin, Muhammad Yasir, 2020. "Solar and wind power generation systems with pumped hydro storage: Review and future perspectives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 176-192.
    20. Elshurafa, Amro M. & Alatawi, Hatem & Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Algahtani, Goblan J. & Felder, Frank A., 2022. "Cost, emission, and macroeconomic implications of diesel displacement in the Saudi agricultural sector: Options and policy insights," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:agisys:v:186:y:2021:i:c:s0308521x20308209. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/agsy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.