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Die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen und erfolgreicher Strukturwandel in Entwicklungsländern

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  • Dani Rodrik

Abstract

Productivity growth and structural change are generally considered to be important determinants of economic growth. However recent research revealed that they do not necessarily lead to higher growth and employment rates. Recent studies, drawing on data from developing countries, showed that only the "right" kind of productivity growth resulted in higher employment rates. Enterprises in Africa and Latin America caught up in matters of technology; however, this process resulted in a substitution of employment by technology. The same is true for structural change; only the "right" kind of structural change caused more growth and employment. Whereas in Asia, labour shifted from the less productive agricultural sector to more productive sectors, in Africa and Latin America, labour switched from a relatively productive agricultural sector to even less productive informal sectors. Thus, policies have to focus on promoting the "right" kind of productivity growth and structural change. Possible means to this end could be avoiding an over-valuation of the local currency, as well as protecting local infant industries. Produktivitätswachstum und struktureller Wandel werden allgemein als wichtige Determinanten wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung betrachtet. Neuere Forschungsergebnisse zeigen jedoch, dass sie nicht notwendigerweise zu mehr Wachstum und Beschäftigung führen. Neuere Studien mit Daten aus Entwicklungsländern zeigen, dass nur das "richtige" Produktivitätswachstum zu mehr Beschäftigung geführt hat. In Afrika und Lateinamerika haben Unternehmen zwar technologisch aufgeholt, jedoch hat dieser Prozess zu einer Substitution von Beschäftigung durch Technologie geführt. Auch hinsichtlich des strukturellen Wandels hat nur der "richtige" Wandel zu mehr Wachstum und Beschäftigung geführt. Während in Asien die Arbeitskräfte aus der weniger produktiven Landwirtschaft in produktivere Sektoren wechselten, sind in Afrika und Lateinamerika Arbeitskräfte aus der vergleichsweise produktiveren Landwirtschaft in noch unproduktivere, informelle Sektoren abgewandert. Für die Politik bedeutet das, dass sie sich auf die Förderung des "richtigen" Produktivitätswachstums und strukturellen Wandels konzentrieren muss. Die Vermeidung einer Überbewertung der lokalen Währung, aber auch der Schutz der lokalen Industrie in deren frühen Entwicklungsstadien können dabei geeignete Mittel sein.

Suggested Citation

  • Dani Rodrik, 2012. "Die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen und erfolgreicher Strukturwandel in Entwicklungsländern," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 81(3), pages 33-43.
    • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:81-3-4
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.81.3.33
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Margaret S. McMillan & Dani Rodrik, 2011. "Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth," NBER Working Papers 17143, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Maurice Kugler & John Haltiwanger & Adriana Kugler & Marcela Eslava, 2009. "Trade Reforms and Market Selection: Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Colombia," 2009 Meeting Papers 615, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    3. Antonio Ciccone & Elias Papaioannou, 2008. "Entry regulation and intersectoral reallocation," Economics Working Papers 1353, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Employment; structural change; productivity growth;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L16 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • O4 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

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