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Evolution of sustainable energy policies in India since 1947: A review

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  • Ronita Bardhan
  • Ramit Debnath
  • Arnab Jana

Abstract

India's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions in 2015 toward the Two‐Degree Celsius climate change goal has endorsed 15% of renewable integration in the primary energy mix by 2020. The energy space is strategy to meet the target without affecting its immediate sustainable development goals. This study documents this strategic effort by tracking the historical trajectory of energy policy planning since its independence in 1947. An objective ontological approach was adopted in reviewing the evolution of energy policy into five distinct phases. Phase I (1947–1970), focused on supply adequacy with the overall thrust on infrastructure development as the pillar of Indian economy. In Phase II (the 1970s) the focus shifted in addressing the energy access crisis. Phase III (the 1980s) was based on increment, diversification, and streamlining on supplies for energy security purposes. Phase IV (the 1990s) is the period of modernization of the overall Indian electricity system. Phase V (the 2000s) is the present phase of market transformation and climate change mitigation energy policies. A co‐assessment of India's policy to the international climate negotiations showed that India remained responsive to international climate goals. It became reactive in the planning for sustainable energy policy after its ratification of Kyoto Protocol in 2001. Since then, India has been instrumental in administering strict emission reduction norms and efficiency measures. This review concludes that the country needs to upgrade its inefficient transmission and distribution networks, which was broadly neglected. The subsidy allocations in domestic energy resources should be well‐adjusted without compromising on its social costs. This article is categorized under: Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment

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  • Ronita Bardhan & Ramit Debnath & Arnab Jana, 2019. "Evolution of sustainable energy policies in India since 1947: A review," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(5), September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:wireae:v:8:y:2019:i:5:n:e340
    DOI: 10.1002/wene.340
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    1. Peter D. Lund & John Byrne, 2020. "Little time left to reverse emissions—Growing hope despite disappointing CO2 trend," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), January.
    2. Ramit Debnath & Vibhor Mittal & Abhinav Jindal, 2020. "A review of challenges from increasing renewable generation in the Indian Power System," Working Papers EPRG2031, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
    3. Debnath, R. & Mittal, V. & Jindal, A., 2020. "A review of challenges from increasing renewable generation in the Indian Power System," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 21006, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    4. Smirnova, Elena & Kot, Sebastian & Kolpak, Eugeny & Shestak, Viktor, 2021. "Governmental support and renewable energy production: A cross-country review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    5. Jain, Sourabh & Shrimali, Gireesh, 2022. "Impact of renewable electricity on utility finances: Assessing merit order effect for an Indian utility," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    6. Nihit Goyal, 2021. "Limited Demand or Unreliable Supply? A Bibliometric Review and Computational Text Analysis of Research on Energy Policy in India," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-23, December.

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