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Islands, remoteness and effective policy making: Aotearoa New Zealand during the COVID‐19 pandemic

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  • Patrick Barrett
  • Jacques Poot

Abstract

Aotearoa New Zealand has been identified, by several measures, as being one of a few developed countries that have weathered the COVID‐19 pandemic in the best possible way. This outcome is generally attributed to strict but effective public health measures that included – besides very high vaccination rates – national and regional lockdowns, as well as total closure of the border except for returning citizens (who were subject to mandatory quarantining). Concurrent fiscal and monetary policies contributed to economic outcomes that remained remarkably buoyant. In this paper we assess the importance of public interventions in New Zealand triggered by the pandemic relative to the mitigating effects of the country being an island nation with a small population scale, low population density and remote location. We summarize the recent international literature, estimate simple but representative cross‐country regression models, and provide a qualitative evaluation of the public policy response. We find that the favourable effects of low average population density, remoteness and the absence of land borders have indeed been of great benefit. Geography assisted in the effectiveness of the elimination strategy which was only abandoned in favour of a mitigation strategy once the less severe but highly contagious Omicron variants arrived in early 2022. Hence, while a remote and peripheral location is generally seen as economically disadvantageous, during a pandemic it delays the spread of a viral disease and provides the opportunity to focus on interventions to maintain economic activity, develop effective public health responses and learn from the experience of less remote nations. Aotearoa Nueva Zelanda ha sido identificada, según varios estudios, como uno de los pocos países desarrollados que han capeado la pandemia de COVID‐19 de la mejor manera posible. Este resultado se atribuye generalmente a las estrictas pero eficaces medidas de salud pública que incluyeron, junto con tasas de vacunación muy elevadas, confinamientos nacionales y regionales, así como el cierre total de su frontera excepto para los ciudadanos que regresaban, sujetos a cuarentena obligatoria. Las políticas fiscales y monetarias concomitantes contribuyeron a unos resultados económicos que se mantuvieron notablemente boyantes. En este artículo se evaluó la importancia de las intervenciones públicas en Nueva Zelanda desencadenadas por la pandemia en relación con los efectos atenuantes de que el país sea una nación insular con una escala de población pequeña, baja densidad de población y una ubicación remota. Se resumió la bibliografía internacional reciente, se estimaron modelos de regresión entre países sencillos pero representativos y se ofreció una evaluación cualitativa de la respuesta de las políticas públicas. Se comprobó que los efectos favorables de la baja densidad media de la población, la lejanía y la ausencia de fronteras terrestres fueron notablemente beneficiosos. La geografía contribuyó a la eficacia de la estrategia de eliminación, que sólo se abandonó en favor de una estrategia de mitigación una vez que a principios de 2022 llegaron las variantes Omicron, menos graves pero altamente contagiosas. Por lo tanto, aunque una ubicación remota y periférica suele considerarse económicamente desventajosa, durante una pandemia retrasa la propagación de una enfermedad vírica y brinda la oportunidad de plantear intervenciones centradas en mantener la actividad económica, desarrollar respuestas eficaces de salud pública y aprender de la experiencia de las naciones menos remotas. アオテアロア・ニュージーランドは、複数の対策によって、新型コロナウイルス感染症のパンデミックを可能な限り最善の方法で乗り切った数少ない先進国の1つであると認識されている。これは概して、非常に高いワクチン接種率、国及び地域のロックダウン、帰国した国民 (強制隔離の対象となった)を除く全面的な国境閉鎖など、厳格ではあるが効果的な公衆衛生対策による結果である。財政政策と金融政策を同時に実施することで経済的成果が得られ、経済は著しい上昇傾向を保持していた。本稿では、ニュージーランドは人口規模が小さく、人口密度が低く、遠隔地にある島国であることによる緩和効果に対する、パンデミックによって引き起こされたニュージーランドにおける公的介入の重要性を評価する。最近の国際的な研究論文を要約し、単純だが典型的なクロスカントリーな回帰モデルを推定し、公共政策の効果の定性的評価を実施する。人口密度が平均的に低いこと、遠隔地であること、そして地上での国境が存在しないことによる好ましい効果が、実に大きな利益となっていることがわかる。地理的要因は排除的政策の有効性を支持するが、2022年初頭にそれほど深刻ではないが感染力の強いオミクロン変異株が登場すると、緩和政策が支持されて、排除的政策は放棄された。つまり、遠隔地や辺境地は、一般的に経済的に不利であると見られているが、パンデミックの間はウイルス性疾患の蔓延を遅らせ、経済活動を維持するための介入を行い、効果的な公衆衛生対策を開発し、それほど遠隔地ではない国の経験から学ぶことに注力する機会を提供してくれる。

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Barrett & Jacques Poot, 2023. "Islands, remoteness and effective policy making: Aotearoa New Zealand during the COVID‐19 pandemic," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(3), pages 682-704, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:682-704
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12640
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    References listed on IDEAS

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