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Spatial mobility patterns and COVID‐19 incidence: A regional analysis of the second wave in the Netherlands

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  • Bart Roelofs
  • Dimitris Ballas
  • Hinke Haisma
  • Arjen Edzes

Abstract

A key policy measure introduced by governments worldwide at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic was to restrict travel, highlighting the importance of people's mobility as one of the key contributors to spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, there was little consistency regarding the geographical scale or the severity of these measures. Little use was made of commuting and travel data to inform decisions on when, where and at what level restrictions should be applied. We aim to contribute to regional policy by providing evidence that could be used to inform future policy debates on the most effective travel restrictions to impose during a pandemic. We present an analysis of the impact of mobility between municipalities on COVID‐19 incidence in the Netherlands. We used multiple linear regression models and geographical information systems to gain insight into the association between mobility‐related factors and demographic, socio‐economic and geographical factors with COVID‐19 incidence in municipalities. Our results indicate that spatial mobility patterns, when combined with COVID‐19 incidence in municipalities of origin, were associated with increased COVID‐19 incidence in municipalities of destination. In addition, various regional characteristics were associated with municipal incidence. By conducting our analyses over three different periods, we highlight the importance of time for COVID‐19 incidence. In the light of ongoing mitigation measures (and possible future events), spatial mobility patterns should be a key factor in exploring regional mobility restrictions as an alternative for national lockdowns. Una de las principales medidas políticas introducidas por los gobiernos de todo el mundo al comienzo de la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) fue la restricción de los viajes, lo que resalta la importancia de la movilidad de las personas como uno de los principales factores de propagación del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Sin embargo, casi no hubo coherencia en cuanto a la escala geográfica o la gravedad de estas medidas. Apenas se utilizaron los datos sobre desplazamientos al trabajo y los viajes para fundamentar las decisiones sobre cuándo, dónde y a qué nivel deben aplicarse las restricciones. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a la política regional proporcionando pruebas que podrían utilizarse para informar los futuros debates políticos sobre las restricciones de viaje más eficaces que se deben imponer durante una pandemia. Se presenta un análisis del impacto de la movilidad entre municipios en la incidencia de COVID‐19 en los Países Bajos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y sistemas de información geográfica para entender la asociación entre los factores relacionados con la movilidad y los factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y geográficos con la incidencia de COVID‐19 en los municipios. Los resultados indican que los patrones de movilidad espacial, cuando se combinan con la incidencia de COVID‐19 en los municipios de origen, se asocian con una mayor incidencia de COVID‐19 en los municipios de destino. Además, varias características regionales se asociaron con la incidencia a nivel municipal. Debido a que los análisis se realizaron en tres periodos diferentes se pudo destacar la importancia del tiempo en la incidencia del COVID‐19. A la luz de las medidas de mitigación en curso (y de posibles eventos futuros), los patrones de movilidad espacial deberían ser un factor clave a la hora de explorar las restricciones de movilidad regional como alternativa a los confinamientos nacionales. 新型コロナウイルス感染症(COVID‐19)のパンデミックの初期に、世界中の政府が導入した主な政策措置は、新型コロナウイルス(SARS‐CoV‐2)の拡散の重要な要素としての人々の移動の重要性を強調して移動を制限することであった。しかし、これらの政策は、地理的規模や厳格度に関してはほぼ一貫性がなかった。いつ、どこで、どのレベルの規制を適用すべきかを決定するための情報として、通勤や移動に関するデータはほとんど利用されなかった。パンデミック時に課される最も効果的な移動制限に関する将来の政策議論に役立つエビデンスを提供して、地域政策に貢献することが本稿の目的である。我々は、オランダのCOVID‐19有病率に対する自治体間の移動可能性の影響の分析を提示する。多重線形回帰モデルと地理情報システムを用いた分析により、移動関連因子と人口統計学的、社会経済的及び地理的因子と自治体のCOVID‐19有病率との関連性を検討した。起点となる自治体のCOVID‐19有病率と組み合わせると、空間的移動のパターンは、目的地の自治体のCOVID‐19有病率の増加と関連していることが示された。さらに、さまざまな地域的な特性が都市部の有病率と関連していた。別々の3つの期間にわたって分析を行ったことから、COVID‐19有病率に関する時間の重要性が強調される。現在進行中の緩和措置(そして、今後起こる可能性のある事象)を考慮すると、空間的な移動パターンを、国家のロックダウンに代わるものとして地域の移動制限を検討する際の重要な要素とするべきである。

Suggested Citation

  • Bart Roelofs & Dimitris Ballas & Hinke Haisma & Arjen Edzes, 2022. "Spatial mobility patterns and COVID‐19 incidence: A regional analysis of the second wave in the Netherlands," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(S1), pages 21-40, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:s1:p:21-40
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12575
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    References listed on IDEAS

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