IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popmgt/v31y2022i8p3233-3263.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Operational hedging or financial hedging? Strategic risk management in commodity procurement

Author

Listed:
  • Wei Xing
  • Shanshan Ma
  • Xuan Zhao
  • Liming Liu

Abstract

We study the risk management strategies of two manufacturers that procure a commodity from a supplier to produce a final product and compete in a downstream market. The manufacturers can adopt financial hedging to reduce profit variability or spot trading to mitigate the demand–supply mismatch risk, and they can also combine these two strategies or adopt neither of them. We characterize the equilibria of several representative games where two different risk management strategies are available, and find that financial hedging complements spot trading by protecting both contract procurement and spot trading from the demand uncertainty and spot price volatility. Hence, the combined strategy brings a synergy benefit and dominates spot trading; however, it cannot always outperform financial hedging because the price risk introduced by spot trading overwhelms its benefits. Interestingly, asymmetric risk management equilibria may arise between symmetric manufacturers because the sequential production competition under strategy differentiation allows them to better utilize their respective strategies. We further find that when all four strategies are simultaneously available, financial hedging should normally be adopted, whereas spot trading should not be used alone. Finally, we complement our theoretical analysis with a real‐data–calibrated numerical study to show which risk management strategy performs better in the soybean processing industry.

Suggested Citation

  • Wei Xing & Shanshan Ma & Xuan Zhao & Liming Liu, 2022. "Operational hedging or financial hedging? Strategic risk management in commodity procurement," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(8), pages 3233-3263, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:31:y:2022:i:8:p:3233-3263
    DOI: 10.1111/poms.13748
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13748
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/poms.13748?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Danko Turcic & Panos Kouvelis & Ehsan Bolandifar, 2015. "Hedging Commodity Procurement in a Bilateral Supply Chain," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 17(2), pages 221-235, May.
    2. Seifert, Ralf W. & Thonemann, Ulrich W. & Hausman, Warren H., 2004. "Optimal procurement strategies for online spot markets," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 152(3), pages 781-799, February.
    3. Jiri Chod & Nils Rudi & Jan A. Van Mieghem, 2010. "Operational Flexibility and Financial Hedging: Complements or Substitutes?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 56(6), pages 1030-1045, June.
    4. Zizhuo Wang & Ming Hu, 2014. "Committed Versus Contingent Pricing Under Competition," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 23(11), pages 1919-1936, November.
    5. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zeng, Jhih-Hong, 2011. "Revisiting the relationship between spot and futures oil prices: Evidence from quantile cointegrating regression," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 924-935, September.
    6. Panos Kouvelis & Rong Li, 2019. "Integrated Risk Management for Newsvendors with Value-at-Risk Constraints," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 21(4), pages 816-832, October.
    7. Seung Jae Park & Guoming Lai & Sridhar Seshadri, 2016. "Inventory Sharing in the Presence of Commodity Markets," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 25(7), pages 1245-1260, July.
    8. Wu, D. J. & Kleindorfer, P. R. & Zhang, Jin E., 2002. "Optimal bidding and contracting strategies for capital-intensive goods," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 137(3), pages 657-676, March.
    9. René Caldentey & Martin B. Haugh, 2009. "Supply Contracts with Financial Hedging," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 57(1), pages 47-65, February.
    10. Panos Kouvelis & Zhan Pang & Qing Ding, 2018. "Integrated Commodity Inventory Management and Financial Hedging: A Dynamic Mean†Variance Analysis," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 27(6), pages 1052-1073, June.
    11. Panos Kouvelis & Danko Turcic, 2021. "Supporting Operations with Financial Hedging: Cash Hedging Vs. Cost Hedging in an Automotive Industry," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(3), pages 738-749, March.
    12. Lingxiu Dong & Hong Liu, 2007. "Equilibrium Forward Contracts on Nonstorable Commodities in the Presence of Market Power," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(1), pages 128-145, February.
    13. Pamela Pen-Erh Pei & David Simchi-Levi & Tunay I. Tunca, 2011. "Sourcing Flexibility, Spot Trading, and Procurement Contract Structure," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 59(3), pages 578-601, June.
    14. Ankur Goel & Genaro J. Gutierrez, 2011. "Multiechelon Procurement and Distribution Policies for Traded Commodities," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 57(12), pages 2228-2244, December.
    15. D. J. Wu & Paul R. Kleindorfer, 2005. "Competitive Options, Supply Contracting, and Electronic Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(3), pages 452-466, March.
    16. Panos Kouvelis & Rong Li & Qing Ding, 2013. "Managing Storable Commodity Risks: The Role of Inventory and Financial Hedge," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 15(3), pages 507-521, July.
    17. Vishal Gaur & Sridhar Seshadri, 2005. "Hedging Inventory Risk Through Market Instruments," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 7(2), pages 103-120, April.
    18. Qing Ding & Lingxiu Dong & Panos Kouvelis, 2007. "On the Integration of Production and Financial Hedging Decisions in Global Markets," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(3), pages 470-489, June.
    19. Lingxiu Dong & Panos Kouvelis & Xiaole Wu, 2014. "The Value of Operational Flexibility in the Presence of Input and Output Price Uncertainties with Oil Refining Applications," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(12), pages 2908-2926, December.
    20. Jan A. Van Mieghem, 2003. "Commissioned Paper: Capacity Management, Investment, and Hedging: Review and Recent Developments," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 5(4), pages 269-302, July.
    21. Ankur Goel & Fehmi Tanrisever, 2017. "Financial Hedging and Optimal Procurement Policies under Correlated Price and Demand," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 26(10), pages 1924-1945, October.
    22. Xiaole Wu & Fuqiang Zhang, 2014. "Home or Overseas? An Analysis of Sourcing Strategies Under Competition," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(5), pages 1223-1240, May.
    23. Ali Shantia & Sam Aflaki & Hamed Ghoddusi, 2019. "Input‐Price Risk Management: Technology Improvement and Financial Hedging," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 28(8), pages 2044-2067, August.
    24. Xin Chen & Melvyn Sim & David Simchi-Levi & Peng Sun, 2007. "Risk Aversion in Inventory Management," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 55(5), pages 828-842, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rettinger, Moritz & Mandl, Christian & Minner, Stefan, 2024. "A data-driven approach for optimal operational and financial commodity hedging," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 341-360.
    2. Liang, Chen & Zhu, Minghao & Lee, Peter K.C. & Cheng, T.C.E. & Yeung, Andy C.L., 2024. "Combating extreme weather through operations management: Evidence from a natural experiment in China," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    3. Urim-Tummim Shipanga & Suzaan Le Roux & Jobo Dubihlela, 2022. ". Operational risk factors and the sustainability of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in South Africa," Insights into Regional Development, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 4(4), pages 126-139, December.
    4. Saumyaranjan Sahoo & Suresh Kumar Jakhar, 2024. "Industry 4.0 deployment for circular economy performance—Understanding the role of green procurement and remanufacturing activities," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 1144-1160, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bolandifar, Ehsan & Chen, Zhong, 2020. "Hedging through index-based price contracts in commodity-based supply chains," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    2. Jiao Wang & Lima Zhao & Arnd Huchzermeier, 2021. "Operations‐Finance Interface in Risk Management: Research Evolution and Opportunities," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(2), pages 355-389, February.
    3. Fan, Mengli & Xing, Wei & Huang, Yi, 2023. "Joint forward contract negotiation: The role of B2B procurement platforms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    4. Canyakmaz, Caner & Özekici, Süleyman & Karaesmen, Fikri, 2024. "Risk management through financial hedging in inventory systems with stochastic price processes," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    5. Xing, Wei & Liu, Liming & Wang, Shouyang, 2014. "More than a second channel? Supply chain strategies in B2B spot markets," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 239(3), pages 699-710.
    6. Niu, Baozhuang & Chu, Lap-Keung & Ni, Jian & Wang, Junwei, 2018. "Buy now and price later: Supply contracts with time-consistent mean–variance financial hedgingAuthor-Name: Li, Qiang," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 268(2), pages 582-595.
    7. Ni, Jian & Chu, Lap Keung & Li, Qiang, 2017. "Capacity decisions with debt financing: The effects of agency problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 261(3), pages 1158-1169.
    8. Xu, Jinpeng & Feng, Gengzhong & Jiang, Wei & Wang, Shouyang, 2015. "Optimal procurement of long-term contracts in the presence of imperfect spot market," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 42-52.
    9. Alavi Fard, Farzad & He, Jian & Ivanov, Dmitry & Jie, Ferry, 2019. "A utility adjusted newsvendor model with stochastic demand," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 154-165.
    10. John R. Birge, 2015. "OM Forum—Operations and Finance Interactions," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 17(1), pages 4-15, February.
    11. Ni, Jian & Chu, Lap-Keung & Yen, Benjamin P.C., 2016. "Coordinating operational policy with financial hedging for risk-averse firms," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 59(PB), pages 279-289.
    12. Zhao, Lima & Huchzermeier, Arnd, 2015. "Operations–finance interface models: A literature review and framework," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(3), pages 905-917.
    13. Panos Kouvelis & Rong Li, 2019. "Integrated Risk Management for Newsvendors with Value-at-Risk Constraints," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 21(4), pages 816-832, October.
    14. Liu, Zugang & Wang, Jia, 2019. "Supply chain network equilibrium with strategic financial hedging using futures," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(3), pages 962-978.
    15. Heikki Peura & Derek W. Bunn, 2021. "Renewable Power and Electricity Prices: The Impact of Forward Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(8), pages 4772-4788, August.
    16. Volodymyr Babich & Panos Kouvelis, 2018. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Research at the Interface of Finance, Operations, and Risk Management (iFORM): Recent Contributions and Future Directions," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 20(1), pages 1-18, February.
    17. Jian Ni & Lap Keung Chu & Shoude Li, 2018. "Financial hedging and competitive strategy for value-maximizing firms under quantity competition," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 264(1), pages 391-407, May.
    18. Wang, Moran & Guo, Xiaolong & Wang, Shouyang, 2022. "Financial hedging in two-stage sustainable commodity supply chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 303(2), pages 803-818.
    19. Onur Boyabatlı, 2015. "Supply Management in Multiproduct Firms with Fixed Proportions Technology," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 61(12), pages 3013-3031, December.
    20. Liao Wang & Jin Yao & Xiaowei Zhang, 2022. "How Does Risk Hedging Impact Operations? Insights from a Price-Setting Newsvendor Model," Papers 2201.01026, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2023.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:popmgt:v:31:y:2022:i:8:p:3233-3263. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1937-5956 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.