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We Should Focus on Food Consumption to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture

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  • David Blandford

Abstract

Achieving the transition to a sustainable global food and agricultural system will require a shift in the pattern of production and consumption from commodities that generate substantial emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to those that generate fewer such emissions. It is challenging to internalise the social costs of emissions by focusing on production in agriculture primarily due to the difficulty of measuring emissions from individual farms. By using carbon taxes at the consumer level and non‐price inducements to change consumer preferences, such as carbon labelling, significant progress can be made in transforming the food and agricultural system to a low‐emissions system in rich and middle‐income countries. Potential regressive effects of higher food prices can be addressed through income transfers and targeted food assistance programmes. A consumption‐based approach reduces the likelihood of international trade conflicts, since imports and domestic production are treated equally. Measures can be taken to offset any incentive to shift from supplying domestic markets to exporting. To make the transition to a more climate‐friendly food and agricultural system, important supporting measures will also be needed to develop new technologies and practices to reduce emissions per unit of output and to induce beneficial changes in land use. Réaliser la transition vers un système alimentaire et agricole mondial durable nécessitera un changement dans le mode de production et de consommation des produits de base qui génèrent des émissions substantielles de gaz à effet de serre (GES) vers ceux qui en génèrent moins. Il est difficile d'internaliser les coûts sociaux des émissions en se concentrant sur la production agricole, principalement en raison de la difficulté de mesurer les émissions des exploitations individuelles. En utilisant les taxes sur le carbone au niveau des consommateurs et des incitations non tarifaires pour modifier les préférences des consommateurs, telles que l'étiquetage carbone, des progrès significatifs peuvent être accomplis dans la transformation du système alimentaire et agricole en un système à faibles émissions dans les pays riches et à revenu intermédiaire. Les effets régressifs potentiels de la hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires peuvent être traités par des transferts de revenus et des programmes d'assistance alimentaire ciblés. Une approche fondée sur la consommation réduit la probabilité de conflits commerciaux internationaux, puisque les importations et la production nationale sont traitées de manière égale. Des mesures peuvent être prises pour compenser toute incitation à passer de l'approvisionnement des marchés intérieurs à l'exportation. Pour effectuer la transition vers un système alimentaire et agricole plus respectueux du climat, d'importantes mesures de soutien seront également nécessaires pour développer de nouvelles technologies et pratiques afin de réduire les émissions par unité de production et d'induire des changements bénéfiques dans l'utilisation des terres. Um den Übergang zu einem nachhaltigen globalen Ernährungs‐ und Landwirtschaftssystem zu erreichen, ist eine Verschiebung der Produktions‐ und Konsummuster erforderlich: weg von Waren, die erhebliche Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) verursachen, hin zu solchen, die beim Herstellungsprozess weniger Emissionen produzieren. Durch die Fokussierung auf die Produktion in der Landwirtschaft wird es zur Herausforderung, die gesellschaftlichen Kosten der Emissionen zu internalisieren. Die Schwierigkeit liegt dabei in erster Linie darin, die Emissionen einzelner Betriebe zu messen. In Ländern mit hohem und mittlerem Einkommen können durch die folgenden Maßnahmen erhebliche Fortschritte bei der Umstellung von Ernährung und Landwirtschaft auf ein System mit geringen Emissionen erzielt werden: Einführung einer CO2‐Steuer auf Lebensmittel und Agrarprodukte sowie preisunabhängige Anreize wie z.B. ein Klimalabel mit dem Ziel, die Präferenzen von Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern zu verändern. Mögliche negative Auswirkungen höherer Lebensmittelpreise können durch Einkommenstransfers und gezielte Lebensmittelhilfsprogramme aufgefangen werden. Ein verbrauchsbasierter Ansatz verringert darüber hinaus die Wahrscheinlichkeit von internationalen Handelskonflikten, da Importe und heimische Erzeugung gleichbehandelt werden. Durch entsprechende Maßnahmen könnte jeglichen Anreizen zur Verlagerung der Versorgung des inländischen Marktes hin zum Export entgegengewirkt werden. Um den Übergang zu einem klimafreundlicheren Ernährungs‐ und Landwirtschaftssystem zu vollziehen, sind außerdem umfangreiche unterstützende Maßnahmen erforderlich. Diese umfassen die Entwicklung von neuen Technologien und Verfahren zur Verringerung der Emissionen pro Produktionseinheit sowie die Initiierung von sinnvollen Veränderungen in der Landnutzung.

Suggested Citation

  • David Blandford, 2021. "We Should Focus on Food Consumption to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 20(2), pages 18-22, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:20:y:2021:i:2:p:18-22
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12316
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Edjabou, Louise Dyhr & Smed, Sinne, 2013. "The effect of using consumption taxes on foods to promote climate friendly diets – The case of Denmark," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 84-96.
    2. Adrian R. Camilleri & Richard P. Larrick & Shajuti Hossain & Dalia Patino-Echeverri, 2019. "Consumers underestimate the emissions associated with food but are aided by labels," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 53-58, January.
    3. David Blandford & Katharine Hassapoyannes, 2018. "The role of agriculture in global GHG mitigation," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 112, OECD Publishing.
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    2. Qi Zou & Jinhui Zhao & Yingying Sun & Chao He & Zhouxiang Zhang, 2022. "Interprovincial Differences in Air Pollution in the Background of China’s Carbon Neutrality Target," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, May.
    3. Jonathan Brooks, 2023. "Agricultural policies and food systems: Priorities for indicator development," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 74(1), pages 3-23, February.
    4. Claudia Hunecke & Ferike Thom & Julia Helen‐Maria Vogt & Sonoko Dorothea Bellingrath‐Kimura & Tilman Brück & Franziska Gaupp & Frauke Geppert & Tilman Grune & Thomas Herzfeld & Sabine E. Kulling & Shi, 2025. "Sustainable and Resilient Agrifood Systems (SARAS). A Leibniz Position," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(5), pages 6871-6884, October.

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