IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bit/bsrysr/v17y2026i1p57-76n1004.html

Towards Reliable Resilience Metrics in Corporate Settings: Content Validity Considerations

Author

Listed:
  • Schötz Enrico

    (Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany)

Abstract

Background Firm resilience is a critical concept for organisations aiming to navigate disruptions effectively, yet its translation into regularly applicable metrics remains underdeveloped. Thus, existing frameworks often lack systematic validation and fail to capture resilience’s dynamic nature across various disruptions, hindering managers’ confident implementation of resilience strategies. Objectives This study aims to identify a content-valid and practical metric for measuring firm resilience, applicable across diverse firm contexts and disruptions. Approach The research evaluates and compares existing metrics, based on their alignment with a newly proposed axiom system, to identify the most suitable measure for assessing firm resilience in post-disruption contexts. Results The metric assessment revealed that the Dominance axiom posed the greatest challenge, with only two metrics fully satisfying the requirement. The semi-quantitative Likert scales encountered further issues with the Operationalisation axiom because of their unsettled interpretation as either ordinal or interval scales, a problem not observed with purely quantitative metrics. Conclusions The BRAVE metric emerged as the most reliable for evaluating firm resilience, owing to its flexibility in accommodating varying time horizons. Future research should test the metric in real-world settings and explore potential simplifications or additional axioms to refine the resilience measurement framework.

Suggested Citation

  • Schötz Enrico, 2026. "Towards Reliable Resilience Metrics in Corporate Settings: Content Validity Considerations," Business Systems Research, Sciendo, vol. 17(1), pages 57-76.
  • Handle: RePEc:bit:bsrysr:v:17:y:2026:i:1:p:57-76:n:1004
    DOI: 10.2478/bsrj-2026-0004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2026-0004
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.2478/bsrj-2026-0004?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kamalahmadi, Masoud & Parast, Mahour Mellat, 2016. "A review of the literature on the principles of enterprise and supply chain resilience: Major findings and directions for future research," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(P1), pages 116-133.
    2. Silviano Esteve-Pérez & Juan Mañez-Castillejo, 2008. "The Resource-Based Theory of the Firm and Firm Survival," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 30(3), pages 231-249, March.
    3. Julia Hillmann, 2021. "Disciplines of organizational resilience: contributions, critiques, and future research avenues," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(4), pages 879-936, May.
    4. Henry, Devanandham & Emmanuel Ramirez-Marquez, Jose, 2012. "Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 114-122.
    5. Yao Cheng & Elsayed A. Elsayed & Zhiyi Huang, 2022. "Systems resilience assessments: a review, framework and metrics," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(2), pages 595-622, January.
    6. Yarveisy, Rioshar & Gao, Chuan & Khan, Faisal, 2020. "A simple yet robust resilience assessment metrics," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    7. Annarelli, Alessandro & Nonino, Fabio, 2016. "Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1-18.
    8. Nan, Cen & Sansavini, Giovanni, 2017. "A quantitative method for assessing resilience of interdependent infrastructures," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 35-53.
    9. Iftikhar, Anas & Purvis, Laura & Giannoccaro, Ilaria, 2021. "A meta-analytical review of antecedents and outcomes of firm resilience," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 408-425.
    10. Cardoso, Sónia R. & Paula Barbosa-Póvoa, Ana & Relvas, Susana & Novais, Augusto Q., 2015. "Resilience metrics in the assessment of complex supply-chains performance operating under demand uncertainty," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 53-73.
    11. Asheim, Geir B. & Bossert, Walter & D'Ambrosio, Conchita & Vögele, Claus, 2020. "The measurement of resilience," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    12. Magali Reghezza-Zitt, 2021. "Is Resilience Measurable?," Springer Books, in: Éloi Laurent (ed.), The Well-being Transition, chapter 0, pages 255-270, Springer.
    13. Luca Fraccascia & Ilaria Giannoccaro & Vito Albino, 2018. "Resilience of Complex Systems: State of the Art and Directions for Future Research," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2018, pages 1-44, August.
    14. Hosseini, Seyedmohsen & Barker, Kash & Ramirez-Marquez, Jose E., 2016. "A review of definitions and measures of system resilience," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 47-61.
    15. D. J. Hand, 1996. "Statistics and the Theory of Measurement," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 159(3), pages 445-473, May.
    16. Lindsey Jones & Mark A. Constas & Nathanial Matthews & Simone Verkaart, 2021. "Advancing resilience measurement," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 4(4), pages 288-289, April.
    17. Conz, Elisa & Magnani, Giovanna, 2020. "A dynamic perspective on the resilience of firms: A systematic literature review and a framework for future research," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 400-412.
    18. Ekin Ilseven & Phanish Puranam, 2021. "Measuring organizational resilience as a performance outcome," Journal of Organization Design, Springer;Organizational Design Community, vol. 10(3), pages 127-137, December.
    19. Dormady, Noah C. & Rose, Adam & Roa-Henriquez, Alfredo & Morin, C. Blain, 2022. "The cost-effectiveness of economic resilience," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Schötz, Enrico, 2025. "An Axiomatic Approach to Evaluating Measures of Firm Resilience," Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference (2024), Hybrid Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, in: Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference, Hybrid Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 5-7 September, 2024, pages 84-95, IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb.
    2. Enrico Schötz, 2025. "Resilience vs. survival: same song, new melody?," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-29, December.
    3. Caputo, Antonio C. & Kalemi, Bledar & Paolacci, Fabrizio & Corritore, Daniele, 2020. "Computing resilience of process plants under Na-Tech events: Methodology and application to sesmic loading scenarios," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    4. Trucco, Paolo & Petrenj, Boris, 2023. "Characterisation of resilience metrics in full-scale applications to interdependent infrastructure systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    5. Mottahedi, Adel & Sereshki, Farhang & Ataei, Mohammad & Qarahasanlou, Ali Nouri & Barabadi, Abbas, 2021. "Resilience estimation of critical infrastructure systems: Application of expert judgment," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    6. Adel Mottahedi & Farhang Sereshki & Mohammad Ataei & Ali Nouri Qarahasanlou & Abbas Barabadi, 2021. "The Resilience of Critical Infrastructure Systems: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-32, March.
    7. Behzadi, Golnar & O’Sullivan, Michael Justin & Olsen, Tava Lennon, 2020. "On metrics for supply chain resilience," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 287(1), pages 145-158.
    8. Márcio das Chagas Moura & Helder Henrique Lima Diniz & Enrique López Droguett & Beatriz Sales da Cunha & Isis Didier Lins & Vicente Ribeiro Simoni, 2017. "Embedding resilience in the design of the electricity supply for industrial clients," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(11), pages 1-33, November.
    9. Antonio Zavala-Alcívar & María-José Verdecho & Juan-José Alfaro-Saiz, 2020. "A Conceptual Framework to Manage Resilience and Increase Sustainability in the Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-38, August.
    10. Poulin, Craig & Kane, Michael B., 2021. "Infrastructure resilience curves: Performance measures and summary metrics," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    11. David Koren & Katarina Rus, 2019. "The Potential of Open Space for Enhancing Urban Seismic Resilience: A literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-20, October.
    12. Kenneth Martínez & David Claudio, 2023. "Expanding Fundamental Boundaries between Resilience and Survivability in Systems Engineering: A Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-27, March.
    13. Haritha, P.C. & Anjaneyulu, M.V.L.R., 2024. "Comparison of topological functionality-based resilience metrics using link criticality," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    14. Cai, Baoping & Zhang, Yanping & Wang, Haifeng & Liu, Yonghong & Ji, Renjie & Gao, Chuntan & Kong, Xiangdi & Liu, Jing, 2021. "Resilience evaluation methodology of engineering systems with dynamic-Bayesian-network-based degradation and maintenance," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    15. MacKenzie, Cameron A. & Hu, Chao, 2019. "Decision making under uncertainty for design of resilient engineered systems," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    16. Tongle Si & Pedro Senna & Jaime Bonnin Roca, 2026. "Resilience: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda for Policymaking," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 1-16, April.
    17. Max M. Weber & Burkhard Pedell & Peter G. Rötzel, 2024. "Resilience-oriented management control systems: a systematic review of the relationships between organizational resilience and management control systems," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 35(4), pages 563-620, December.
    18. Bui Quang Hung & Tran Anh Hoa & Tu Thanh Hoai & Nguyen Phong Nguyen, 2024. "Resilience and Performance Among Vietnamese Business Organizations in Turbulent Environments: How Do Digitalized Management Accounting Systems and Organizational Mindfulness Matter?," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(3), pages 21582440241, August.
    19. Wu, Jingyi & Yu, Yang & Yu, Jianxing & Chang, Xueying & Xu, Lixin & Zhang, Wenhao, 2023. "A Markov resilience assessment framework for tension leg platform under mooring failure," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    20. repec:osf:osfxxx:2spt3_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Elia Balugani & Maria Angela Butturi & Delroy Chevers & David Parker & Bianca Rimini, 2020. "Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Resilience and Sustainability on Firms’ Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-18, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • D21 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Theory
    • L20 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - General
    • L21 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Business Objectives of the Firm
    • L29 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Other
    • M10 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bit:bsrysr:v:17:y:2026:i:1:p:57-76:n:1004. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Peter Golla (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.sciendo.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.