IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bas/econst/y2021i2p56-73.html

The Informal Employment – Factors and Public Policies for Its Limitation

Author

Listed:
  • Oksana Yaskal
  • Ihor Yaskal
  • Mariana Kolosinska
  • Svitlana Boyda

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to outline the perspective public policies to limit informal employment. They are based on a study of its influential factors through The Doing Business international rating in the European Union and the EU candidate countries. For the group of “old” European countries, the priority measures are to improve the contracting procedures it terms of their numbers and time-consuming. For the group of new EU members, such measures are the reductions of the number of procedures to obtain electricity. For EU candidate countries, key steps to improve the regulation of informal employment include the raising legal awareness, reducing specific types of taxes and fees and increasing credit opportunities for business and people.

Suggested Citation

  • Oksana Yaskal & Ihor Yaskal & Mariana Kolosinska & Svitlana Boyda, 2021. "The Informal Employment – Factors and Public Policies for Its Limitation," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 2, pages 56-73.
    • Handle: RePEc:bas:econst:y:2021:i:2:p:56-73
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.iki.bas.bg/Journals/EconomicStudies/2021/2021-2/4_Yaskal.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yanguang Chen, 2015. "A New Methodology of Spatial Cross-Correlation Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, May.
    2. Rosser, J. Jr. & Rosser, Marina V. & Ahmed, Ehsan, 2000. "Income Inequality and the Informal Economy in Transition Economies," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 156-171, March.
    3. Robinson, Peter, 2008. "Correlation testing in time series, spatial and cross-sectional data," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 25470, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Robinson, P.M., 2008. "Correlation testing in time series, spatial and cross-sectional data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 147(1), pages 5-16, November.
    5. B. Mathias & Sean Lux & T. Russell Crook & Chad Autry & Russell Zaretzki, 2015. "Competing Against the Unknown: The Impact of Enabling and Constraining Institutions on the Informal Economy," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 127(2), pages 251-264, March.
    6. Elbahnasawy, Nasr G. & Ellis, Michael A. & Adom, Assandé Désiré, 2016. "Political Instability and the Informal Economy," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 31-42.
    7. Thai, Mai Thi Thanh & Turkina, Ekaterina, 2014. "Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 490-510.
    8. Levenson, Alec R. & Maloney, William F., 1998. "The informal sector, firm dynamics, and institutional participation," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1988, The World Bank.
    9. Eghosa Igudia & Rob Ackrill & Simeon Coleman & Carlyn Dobson, 2016. "Determinants of the informal economy of an emerging economy: a multiple indicator, multiple causes approach," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 28(2/3), pages 154-177.
    10. repec:wbk:wbpubs:6730 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Martha Alter Chen, 2007. "Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment," Working Papers 46, United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
    12. Maloney, William F., 2004. "Informality Revisited," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 32(7), pages 1159-1178, July.
    13. Ana Cristina O. Siqueira & Justin W. Webb & Garry D. Bruton, 2016. "Informal Entrepreneurship and Industry Conditions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 40(1), pages 177-200, January.
    14. Horvath, Jaroslav, 2018. "Business cycles, informal economy, and interest rates in emerging countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 96-116.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Stefan Petranov & Dimitar Zlatinov & Ilia Atanasov, 2022. "The Shadow Economy in Bulgaria During the Period 2006-2019," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 5, pages 3-18.
    2. Stefan Petranov & Dimitar Zlatinov & Milen Velushev & Lillyana Georgieva & Radostina Ivcheva, 2022. "Shadow Economy and Production Factors: Results from an Empirical Analysis with a Panel Data Set," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 2, pages 44-64.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Esther Salvi & Frank-Martin Belz & Sophie Bacq, 2023. "Informal Entrepreneurship: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 47(2), pages 265-303, March.
    2. Colin C. Williams, 2023. "A Modern Guide to the Informal Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 18668.
    3. Colin C. Williams & Brunilda Kosta, 2019. "Evaluating Institutional Theories Of Informal Sector Entrepreneurship: Some Lessons From Albania," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(02), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Colin C. Williams & Abbi Kedir, 2018. "Explaining Cross-National Variations In The Prevalence Of Informal Sector Entrepreneurship: Lessons From A Survey Of 142 Countries," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(01), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Sana Ullah & Colin C. Williams & Babur Wasim Arif, 2019. "The Impacts Of Informality On Enterprise Innovation, Survival And Performance: Some Evidence From Pakistan," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(03), pages 1-19, September.
    6. Shihao Wei & Christopher Boudreaux & Zhongfeng Su & Zhan Wu & Pekka Stenholm, 2026. "Deviant response: The effect of income inequality on informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 66(4), pages 1673-1695, April.
    7. Gökçer Özgür & Ceyhun Elgin & Adem Y. Elveren, 2021. "Is informality a barrier to sustainable development?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 45-65, January.
    8. Colin C. Williams & Abbi M. Kedir, 2019. "Explaining cross-country variations in the prevalence of informal sector competitors: lessons from the World Bank Enterprise Survey," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 677-696, September.
    9. Colin C. Williams & Alvaro Martinez–Perez & Abbi M. Kedir, 2017. "Informal Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies: The Impacts of Starting up Unregistered on firm Performance," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 41(5), pages 773-799, September.
    10. Colin C. Williams & Besnik Krasniqi, 2018. "Explaining Informal Sector Entrepreneurship In Kosovo: An Institutionalist Perspective," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 23(02), pages 1-20, June.
    11. Colin C. Williams & Abbi M. Kedir, 2017. "Evaluating The Impacts Of Starting Up Unregistered On Firm Performance In Africa," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(03), pages 1-20, September.
    12. Eunice Maria M. N. Dos Santos & João J. Ferreira, 2017. "Analyzing Informal Entrepreneurship: A Bibliometric Survey," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(04), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Colin C. Williams & Kwame Adom & Ioana Alexandra Horodnic, 2020. "Determinants Of The Level Of Informalization Of Enterprises: Some Evidence From Accra, Ghana," Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 25(01), pages 1-24, March.
    14. Ana Cristina O. Siqueira & Justin W. Webb & Garry D. Bruton, 2016. "Informal Entrepreneurship and Industry Conditions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 40(1), pages 177-200, January.
    15. Yong Bao & Xiaotian Liu & Lihong Yang, 2020. "Indirect Inference Estimation of Spatial Autoregressions," Econometrics, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-26, September.
    16. Liu, Xiaodong & Prucha, Ingmar R., 2025. "On testing for spatial or social network dependence in panel data allowing for network variability," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    17. Abhimanyu Gupta & Jungyoon Lee & Francesca Rossi, 2024. "Testing linearity of spatial interaction functions \`a la Ramsey," Papers 2412.14778, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2026.
    18. Jungyoon Lee & Peter M Robinson, 2018. "Adaptive Inference on Pure Spatial Models," STICERD - Econometrics Paper Series 596, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE.
    19. Arturas Juodis & Simon Reese, 2018. "The Incidental Parameters Problem in Testing for Remaining Cross-section Correlation," Papers 1810.03715, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2021.
    20. Arias, Omar & Blom, Andreas & Bosch, Mariano & Cunningham, Wendy & Fiszbein, Ariel & Lopez Acevedo, Gladys & Maloney, William & Saavedra, Jaime & Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina & Santamaria, Mauricio & Siga, 2005. "Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3799, The World Bank.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E26 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
    • E69 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Other
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J68 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Public Policy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bas:econst:y:2021:i:2:p:56-73. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Diana Dimitrova (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ikbasbg.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.