IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ahd/journl/v6y2025i8p69-82.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Impact of Gold Coin Investments on Portfolio Diversification and Risk Management in the Zimbabwean Financial Markets

Author

Listed:
  • Simbarashe Brandon MATANHIKE

    (Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe)

  • Newman WADESANGO

    (University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa)

  • Lovemore SITSHA

    (Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe)

Abstract

This study examines the role of gold coins in diversifying investment portfolios and managing risk within the Zimbabwean financial market, focusing specifically on commercial banks including FBC, CABZ, and CBZ. The research employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of bank customers and investment professionals to gather relevant data. Data collection methods involved both online and face-to-face interactions, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of participants’ perspectives on gold coins as an investment vehicle. Results indicate that a significant proportion of respondents view gold coins as a viable option for wealth preservation and risk management, with 70% acknowledging their role in enhancing portfolio diversification. However, some respondents expressed concerns regarding price volatility and market speculation affecting gold coin values. The study concludes that while gold coins can effectively serve as an alternative asset class in Zimbabwe’s economic landscape, investors should remain cognizant of market fluctuations. It is recommended that commercial banks enhance customer education on gold coin investments, providing more in-depth information on market dynamics and risk factors, to better equip clients in making informed investment decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Simbarashe Brandon MATANHIKE & Newman WADESANGO & Lovemore SITSHA, 2025. "The Impact of Gold Coin Investments on Portfolio Diversification and Risk Management in the Zimbabwean Financial Markets," CECCAR Business Review, Body of Expert and Licensed Accountants of Romania (CECCAR), vol. 6(8), pages 69-82, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:ahd:journl:v:6:y:2025:i:8:p:69-82
    DOI: 10.37945/cbr.2025.08.06
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.ceccarbusinessreview.ro/the-impact-of-gold-coin-investments-on-portfolio-diversification-and-risk-management-in-the-zimbabwean-financial-markets-a499d/download-PDF/
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.ceccarbusinessreview.ro/the-impact-of-gold-coin-investments-on-portfolio-diversification-and-risk-management-in-the-zimbabwean-financial-markets-a499a/abstract/
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.37945/cbr.2025.08.06?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Symitsi, Efthymia & Chalvatzis, Konstantinos J., 2019. "The economic value of Bitcoin: A portfolio analysis of currencies, gold, oil and stocks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 97-110.
    2. Jose Arreola Hernandez & Mazin A.M. Al Janabi, 2020. "Forecasting of dependence, market, and investment risks of a global index portfolio," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(3), pages 512-532, April.
    3. Katarzyna M. Werner & Horst Zank, 2019. "A revealed reference point for prospect theory," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 67(4), pages 731-773, June.
    4. Baur, Dirk G. & McDermott, Thomas K., 2010. "Is gold a safe haven? International evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1886-1898, August.
    5. Ahlem Lamine & Ahmed Jeribi & Tarek Fakhfakh, 2023. "Spillovers between cryptocurrencies, gold and stock markets: implication for hedging strategies and portfolio diversification under the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(57), pages 21-41, November.
    6. Paul Alagidede & Theodore Panagiotidis, 2010. "Can common stocks provide a hedge against inflation? Evidence from African countries," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(3), pages 91-100, August.
    7. Gilles Boevi Koumou, 2020. "Diversification and portfolio theory: a review," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 34(3), pages 267-312, September.
    8. Bampinas, Georgios & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2015. "Are gold and silver a hedge against inflation? A two century perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 267-276.
    9. Muhammad Owais Qarni & Saiqb Gulzar, 2021. "Portfolio diversification benefits of alternative currency investment in Bitcoin and foreign exchange markets," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-37, December.
    10. El Hedi Arouri, Mohamed & Lahiani, Amine & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2015. "World gold prices and stock returns in China: Insights for hedging and diversification strategies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 273-282.
    11. Dipak Ghosh & Eric J. Levin & Peter Macmillan & Robert E. Wright, 2004. "Gold As An Inflation Hedge?," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 22(1), pages 1-25, January.
    12. Muhammad Abubakr Naeem & Sitara Karim & Aviral Kumar Tiwari, 2023. "Risk Connectedness Between Green and Conventional Assets with Portfolio Implications," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 62(2), pages 609-637, August.
    13. Shegorika Rajwani & Aviral Kumar Tiwar & Miklesh Prasad Yadav & Sakshi Sharma, 2023. "Dynamic Linkages of Energy Commodities with Bullion and Metal Market: Evidence of Portfolio Hedging," American Business Review, Pompea College of Business, University of New Haven, vol. 26(1), pages 148-179.
    14. Ambos, Tina C. & Hughes, Mathew (Mat) & Niemand, Thomas & Kraus, Sascha, 2023. "Subsidiary managers' initiative pursuit: A behavioral agency model," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
    15. Sheng, Xin & Gupta, Rangan & Çepni, Oğuzhan, 2022. "The effects of climate risks on economic activity in a panel of US states: The role of uncertainty," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    16. Michael A. McCarthy, 2019. "The Politics of Democratizing Finance: A Radical View," Politics & Society, , vol. 47(4), pages 611-633, December.
    17. Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad & Bouri, Elie & Roubaud, David & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2020. "Safe haven, hedge and diversification for G7 stock markets: Gold versus bitcoin," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 212-224.
    18. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Vinh Vo, Xuan, 2020. "Cryptocurrencies and precious metals: A closer look from diversification perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    19. Solomon, Shelby J. & Bendickson, Joshua S. & Marvel, Matt R. & McDowell, William C. & Mahto, Raj, 2021. "Agency theory and entrepreneurship: A cross-country analysis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 466-476.
    20. repec:eme:sef000:eb043380 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Fraser, Alastair & Fiedler, Tanya, 2023. "Net-zero targets for investment portfolios: An analysis of financed emissions metrics," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    22. David Hillier & Paul Draper & Robert Faff, 2006. "Do Precious Metals Shine? An Investment Perspective," Financial Analysts Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 62(2), pages 98-106, March.
    23. Zaheer Abbas & Abd Rahman Bin Ahmad & Muhammad Saeed Shahbaz & Muhammad Mujtaba Asad, 2021. "Relationship between government and public sector universities in the perspective of agency theory: a brief review," International Journal of Services and Operations Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 40(2), pages 188-202.
    24. Pho, Kim Hung & Ly, Sel & Lu, Richard & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Wong, Wing-Keung, 2021. "Is Bitcoin a better portfolio diversifier than gold? A copula and sectoral analysis for China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    25. Bernice Nkrumah-Boadu & Peterson Owusu Junior & AnokyeM Adam & Emmanuel Asafo-Adjei, 2022. "Safe haven, hedge and diversification for African stocks: cryptocurrencies versus gold in time-frequency perspective," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 2114171-211, December.
    26. Kai Ruggeri & Sonia Alí & Mari Louise Berge & Giulia Bertoldo & Ludvig D. Bjørndal & Anna Cortijos-Bernabeu & Clair Davison & Emir Demić & Celia Esteban-Serna & Maja Friedemann & Shannon P. Gibson & H, 2020. "Replicating patterns of prospect theory for decision under risk," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 4(6), pages 622-633, June.
    27. Ahmed, Rizwan & Chaudhry, Sajid M. & Kumpamool, Chamaiporn & Benjasak, Chonlakan, 2022. "Tail risk, systemic risk and spillover risk of crude oil and precious metals," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    28. Huang, Jie & Cao, Yu & Zhong, Pengshu, 2022. "Searching for a safe haven to crude oil: Green bond or precious metals?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Daeyun Kang & Doojin Ryu & Robert I. Webb, 2025. "Bitcoin as a financial asset: a survey," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 11(1), pages 1-28, December.
    2. Azimli, Asil, 2024. "Is gold a safe haven for the U.S. dollar during extreme conditions?," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    3. Disli, Mustafa & Nagayev, Ruslan & Salim, Kinan & Rizkiah, Siti K. & Aysan, Ahmet F., 2021. "In search of safe haven assets during COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis of different investor types," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    4. Chkili, Walid & Ben Rejeb, Aymen & Arfaoui, Mongi, 2021. "Does bitcoin provide hedge to Islamic stock markets for pre- and during COVID-19 outbreak? A comparative analysis with gold," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    5. Rubaiyat Ahsan Bhuiyan & Afzol Husain & Changyong Zhang, 2023. "Diversification evidence of bitcoin and gold from wavelet analysis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-36, December.
    6. Akhtaruzzaman, Md & Boubaker, Sabri & Lucey, Brian M. & Sensoy, Ahmet, 2021. "Is gold a hedge or a safe-haven asset in the COVID–19 crisis?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    7. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Soo-Wah, Low & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Akhter, Tahmina, 2023. "Time and frequency domain connectedness and spillover among categorical and regional financial stress, gold and bitcoin market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    8. Evrim Mandacı, Pınar & Cagli, Efe Çaglar & Taşkın, Dilvin, 2020. "Dynamic connectedness and portfolio strategies: Energy and metal markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    9. Raza, Naveed & Jawad Hussain Shahzad, Syed & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2016. "Asymmetric impact of gold, oil prices and their volatilities on stock prices of emerging markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 290-301.
    10. Ali, Fahad & Khurram, Muhammad Usman & Sensoy, Ahmet & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2024. "Green cryptocurrencies and portfolio diversification in the era of greener paths," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    11. Sen, Chitrakalpa & Chakrabarti, Gagari, 2024. "Beyond the glitter: An empirical assessment of the true risk and hedging role of precious metals," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    12. Chiang, Thomas C., 2022. "The effects of economic uncertainty, geopolitical risk and pandemic upheaval on gold prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    13. Bouoiyour, Jamal & Selmi, Refk & Wohar, Mark E., 2018. "Measuring the response of gold prices to uncertainty: An analysis beyond the mean," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 105-116.
    14. Hoang, Thi-Hong-Van & Wong, Wing-Keung & Zhu, Zhenzhen, 2015. "Is gold different for risk-averse and risk-seeking investors? An empirical analysis of the Shanghai Gold Exchange," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 200-211.
    15. O'Connor, Fergal A. & Lucey, Brian M. & Batten, Jonathan A. & Baur, Dirk G., 2015. "The financial economics of gold — A survey," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 186-205.
    16. Hanif, Waqas & Areola Hernandez, Jose & Troster, Victor & Kang, Sang Hoon & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2022. "Nonlinear dependence and spillovers between cryptocurrency and global/regional equity markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    17. Tonuchi E. Joseph & Atif Jahanger & Joshua Chukwuma Onwe & Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, 2025. "The Implication of Cryptocurrency Volatility on Five Largest African Financial System Stability," Springer Books, in: Gang Kou & Yongqiang Li & Zongyi Zhang & J. Leon Zhao & Zhi Zhuo (ed.), Blockchain, Crypto Assets, and Financial Innovation, pages 192-216, Springer.
    18. Morema, Kgotso & Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo, 2018. "The impact of oil and gold price fluctuations on the South African equity market: volatility spillovers and implications for portfolio management," MPRA Paper 87637, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Alqaralleh, Huthaifa & Canepa, Alessandra, 2022. "The role of precious metals in portfolio diversification during the Covid19 pandemic: A wavelet-based quantile approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    20. Ha, Le Thanh & Nham, Nguyen Thi Hong, 2022. "An application of a TVP-VAR extended joint connected approach to explore connectedness between WTI crude oil, gold, stock and cryptocurrencies during the COVID-19 health crisis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ahd:journl:v:6:y:2025:i:8:p:69-82. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Radu CIOBANU (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.