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The effect of a free trade agreement with the United States on member countries' per capita GDP: A synthetic control analysis

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  • Esteban Colla‐De‐Robertis
  • Rafael Garduno Rivera

Abstract

This study employs the synthetic control method (SCM) to estimate the economic effects of signing free trade agreements (FTAs) with the United States. This method allows for a counterfactual –the country's per capita GDP had it not signed a FTA–, which can be compared with the observed per capita GDP. This difference speaks to the causal impact of the FTA. We principally find that FTAs seem to have a heterogeneous impact. In particular, there is evidence that signing a FTA with the U.S. had a positive impact on Chile and Jordan's per capita GDP and that NAFTA harmed Mexico's per capita GDP. In several other cases, no significant economic impact is discernible. Besides, the more a country depends on the U.S. for its trade, the less beneficial signing a FTA with the U.S. is. This article contributes to the debate on the effectiveness of trade as a development strategy. In particular, the SCM opens up the possibility of a “case‐by‐case” analysis, ultimately revealing that a FTA with the U.S.–a country situated at the world's technology frontier–has heterogeneous outcomes and, by itself, does not guarantee economic development (obtained through a higher per capita GDP). Este estudio emplea el método de control sintético (MCS) para estimar los efectos económicos de la firma de tratados de libre comercio (TLC) con los EE.UU. Este método permite obtener un contrafactual (el PIB per cápita del país si no hubiera firmado un TLC), que puede compararse con el PIB per cápita observado. Esta diferencia muestra el impacto causal del TLC. El hallazgo principal fue que los TLC parecen tener un impacto heterogéneo. En particular, hay evidencia de que la firma de un TLC con los EE.UU. tuvo un impacto positivo en el PIB per cápita de Chile y de Jordania y que el TLCAN perjudicó el PIB per cápita de México. En otros casos, no se apreció ningún impacto económico significativo. Además, cuanto más dependa un país de los EE.UU para su comercio, menos beneficiosa será la firma de un TLC con este país. Este artículo contribuye al debate sobre la eficacia del comercio como estrategia de desarrollo. En particular, el MCS abre la posibilidad de realizar un análisis “caso por caso”, que revela en última instancia que un TLC con los EE.UU., un país a la cabeza de la tecnología mundial, tiene resultados heterogéneos y, por sí mismo, no garantiza el desarrollo económico (obtenido mediante un mayor PIB per cápita). 本研究は、米国との自由貿易協定 (FTA)の締結の経済効果を推定するために、合成制御法 (Synthetic control method: SCM)を採用した。この方法では、事実に反する仮説として、その国がFTAを締結していないとした場合の1人当たりGDPと、実際の1人当たりGDPを比較できる。この違いはFTAの因果的な影響を示しており、FTAの影響は主に不均一であることがわかる。特に、米国とのFTA締結が、チリやヨルダンの1人当たりGDPにプラスの影響を与えたことや、北米自由貿易協定 (NAFTA)がメキシコの1人当たりGDPにマイナスの影響を与えたことが示されているが、その他のいくつかの事例では、大きな経済的影響は認められていない。また、米国に依存すればするほど、米国とFTAを締結するメリットが少なくなる。本稿は、開発戦略としての貿易の有効性に関する議論に寄与するものである。特に、SCMは「ケースバイケース」分析の可能性をもたらし、最終的には、技術的に世界の最前線に位置する米国とのFTAは結果が不均一であり、それ自体では経済発展を保証するものではないことを明らかにする。

Suggested Citation

  • Esteban Colla‐De‐Robertis & Rafael Garduno Rivera, 2021. "The effect of a free trade agreement with the United States on member countries' per capita GDP: A synthetic control analysis," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(4), pages 1129-1145, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:13:y:2021:i:4:p:1129-1145
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12402
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    • O19 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
    • O57 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Comparative Studies of Countries
    • F43 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Economic Growth of Open Economies
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration

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