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Konzepte sozialer Innovation

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  • Gillwald, Katrin

Abstract

Wenn von Innovationen die Rede ist, entstehen zumeist Vorstellungen von technischen Innovationen – von Dingen, Produkten, Produktionsanlagen, Infrastrukturen. Merkmale wie Neuartigkeit werden ihnen zugeschrieben und technisch-ökonomische Vorzüge gegenüber früheren Lösungen. Soziale Innovationen sind ebenso wichtig für die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung, und verwandt, aber nicht gleich mit technischen Innovationen. Soziale Innovationen aber, obwohl sie ständig und überall in gesellschaftlichen Systemen vorkommen, sind ein wenig bearbeitetes Thema und eine kaum bekannte Erscheinung. Mit diesem Artikel soll ein Beitrag dazu geleistet werden, eine handgreifliche Vorstellung von sozialen Innovationen zu gewinnen. Sie wird großenteils aus Erkenntnissen über Nachbargebiete entwickelt, vor allem anhand von Arbeiten zur technikbezogenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Innovationsforschung. Die Kapitel des Textes sind nach begrifflichen Zugängen („Konzepten“) zu sozialen Innovationen gegliedert, etwa dem Kriterium der Neuartigkeit, dem Prädikat der Errungenschaft, dem Prinzip des Handelns. Mit der einleitenden Kurzdefinition wird ein inhaltlicher Rahmen gesteckt, in Stichworten: Verhaltensregelungen, Routineänderungen, Tragweite. Einen zentralen Bestandteil der Untersuchungen stellen sechs entsprechend den Stichworten gezielt ausgewählte Fälle sozialer Innovationen dar. Sie sind mehr oder weniger historischer Art und der gesellschaftlichen Zuordnung nach breit gestreut. Sie reichen von der nicht-ehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft als Beispiel aus dem privaten Bereich über Fließbandarbeit als Innovation der Wirtschaft bis zum Bismarckschen System der Sozialversicherung als Modellfall innovativen staatlichen Handelns. Diese Beispiele dienen vor allem dazu, die Merkmale sozialer Innovationen zu veranschaulichen und die Vielfalt ihrer Ausprägungen übersichtlich zu machen. Drei wesentliche Ergebnisse des Beitrags sind: (1) Soziale Innovationen lassen sich weniger über absolute Neuartigkeit als vielmehr über ihre Folgen und Weiterungen definieren: Nutzen bzw. Kosten (nicht nur finanzieller Art) und zur „Veralltäglichung“ der Innovationen gehörende Anpassungen im Umfeld. (2) Jenseits grundlegender Gemeinsamkeiten gibt es zwischen technischen und sozialen Innovationen einzelne, bislang kaum thematisierte Unterschiede sowohl theoretischer als auch empirischer Art. (3) Die analytischen Kategorien zur Beschreibung und Erklärung sozialer Innovationen bedürfen weiterer Bearbeitung; einige Ansätze hierzu wurden im Rahmen des vorliegenden Artikels entwickelt (Nutzendimensionen, Wirkungsebenen, etc.).

Suggested Citation

  • Gillwald, Katrin, 2000. "Konzepte sozialer Innovation," Papers, Research Network Project "Work and Ecology" P 00-519, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wzbeco:p00519
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    Cited by:

    1. Christmann, Gabriela B., 2020. "Introduction: struggling with innovations. Social innovations and conflicts in urban development and planning," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 28(3), pages 423-433.
    2. Christmann, Gabriela B., 2020. "Wie man soziale Innovationen in strukturschwachen ländlichen Räumen befördern kann [How Social Innovation can be Supported in Structurally Weak Rural Regions]," IRS Dialog 5/2020, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space (IRS).
    3. Sept Ariane, 2020. "Thinking Together Digitalization and Social Innovation in Rural Areas: An Exploration of Rural Digitalization Projects in Germany," European Countryside, Sciendo, vol. 12(2), pages 193-208, June.
    4. Baxter, Jamie Scott & Chatzichristos, Georgios & Christmann, Gabriela & Hennebry, Barraí & Kovanen, Sunna & Novikova, Marina & Olmedo, Lucas & Stoustrup, Sune W. & van Twuijver, Mara & Umantseva, Anna, 2020. "Social Enterprises in Structurally Weak Rural Regions: Innovative Troubleshooters in Action. Handbook for Practitioners," IRS Dialog 6/2020, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space (IRS).
    5. Karin Heitzmann & Florian Wukovitsch, 2015. "Towards social investment and social innovation in EU member states? First observations of recent developments in Austria," ImPRovE Working Papers 15/19, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp.
    6. Entorf, Horst & Fegert, Jörg & Kölch, Michael, 2004. "Children in Need of Medical Innovation," ZEW Discussion Papers 04-49, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    7. Renner, Renate, 2009. "Theoretical conception of the qualitative analysis about care farming in Austria and the Netherlands," Rural Areas and Development, European Rural Development Network (ERDN), vol. 6, pages 1-18.
    8. Susanna Ulinski, 2015. "Corporate Social Innovation as a Driver of Performance and Welfare. WWWforEurope Policy Paper No. 25," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 58500, February.
    9. Sept, Ariane, 2021. "‘Slowing down’ in small and medium-sized towns: Cittaslow in Germany and Italy from a social innovation perspective," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 259-268.
    10. Christmann, Gabriela B., 2020. "How Social Innovation can be Supported in Structurally Weak Rural Regions," IRS Dialog 5/2020e, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space (IRS).
    11. Kern, Thomas & Nam, Sang-hui, 2008. "Social Movements as Agents of Innovation: Citizen Journalism in South Korea," GIGA Working Papers 73, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    12. Heiko Berner, 2016. "Are Ethnic Entrepreneurs Social Innovators? Turkish Migrant Entrepreneurs in Salzburg," Border Crossing, Transnational Press London, UK, vol. 6(2), pages 363-371, July-Dece.
    13. Edwards-Schachter,Mónica & Wallace,Matthew, 2015. "âShaken, but not stirredâ: six decades defining social innovation," INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series 201504, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV).

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