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Measuring financial inclusion and financial exclusion

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  • Ozili, Peterson K

Abstract

Achieving high levels of financial inclusion has been a policy priority for policy makers in many countries as policy makers seek to reduce the level of financial exclusion to low levels. There have also been increased interest in financial inclusion research by academics. This paper proposes some index and ratios of financial inclusion and financial exclusion. The proposed index, measures and ratios are easy to compute and are comparable across countries. Policy makers, analysts and academics will find it useful.

Suggested Citation

  • Ozili, Peterson K, 2021. "Measuring financial inclusion and financial exclusion," MPRA Paper 107866, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:107866
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    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/107866/1/MPRA_paper_107866.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Philip Mader & Sophia Sabrow, 2019. "All Myth and Ceremony? Examining the Causes and Logic of the Mission Shift in Microfinance from Microenterprise Credit to Financial Inclusion," Forum for Social Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), pages 22-48, January.
    2. Allen, Franklin & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Klapper, Leora & Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, 2016. "The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-30.
    3. Ozili, Peterson K, 2020. "Financial inclusion research around the world: a review," MPRA Paper 101809, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Mandira Sarma, 2008. "Index of Financial Inclusion," Working Papers id:1575, eSocialSciences.
    5. Noelia Cámara & David Tuesta, 2018. "Measuring financial inclusion: a multidimensional index," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The role of data in supporting financial inclusion policy, volume 47, Bank for International Settlements.
    6. Mr. Alexander Massara & André Mialou, 2014. "Assessing Countries’ Financial Inclusion Standing - A New Composite Index," IMF Working Papers 2014/036, International Monetary Fund.
    7. Peterson K. Ozili, 2018. "Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability," Borsa Istanbul Review, Research and Business Development Department, Borsa Istanbul, vol. 18(4), pages 329-340, December.
    8. ., 2019. "The future of interest-free financing," Chapters, in: Religion and Finance, chapter 9, pages 193-215, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    9. Ozili, Peterson Kitakogelu, 2018. "Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability," MPRA Paper 84771, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Mandira Sarma, 2008. "Index of Financial Inclusion," Finance Working Papers 22259, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Zhian Zhiow Augustinne Wong & Ramez Abubakr Badeeb & Abey P. Philip, 2023. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries: Does Financial Innovation Matter?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(1), pages 471-503, September.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial inclusion; financial exclusion; poverty; access to finance; index; inclusive growth; development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G00 - Financial Economics - - General - - - General
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

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