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Prognose mit nichtparametrischen Verfahren

Author

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  • Wolfgang Karl Härdle
  • Rainer Schulz
  • Weining Wang

Abstract

Statistische Prognosen basieren auf der Annahme, dass ein funktionaler Zusammenhang zwischen der zu prognostizierenden Variable y und anderen j-dimensional beobachtbaren Variablen x = (x1,...xl) besteht. Kann der funktionale Zusammenhang geschätzt werden, so kann im Prinzip für jedes x der zugehörige Wert y prognostiziert werden. Bei den meisten Anwendungen wird angenommen, dass der funktionale Zusammenhang einem niedrigdimensionalen parametrischen Modell entspricht oder durch dieses zumindest gut wiedergegeben wird. Ein Beispiel im univariaten Fall ist das lineare Modell y = b0 + b1x. Sind die beiden unbekannten Parameter b0 und b1 mithilfe historischer Daten geschätzt, so lässt sich für jedes gegebene x sofort der zugehörige Wert y prognostizieren. Allerdings besteht hierbei die Gefahr, dass der wirkliche funktionale Zusammenhang nicht dem gewählten Modell entspricht. Dies kann infolge zu schlechten Prognosen führen. Nichtparametrische Verfahren gehen ebenfalls von einem funktionalen Zusammenhang aus, geben aber kein festes parametrisches Modell vor und zwängen die Daten damit in kein Prokrustes Bett. Sie sind deshalb hervorragend geeignet, um 1) Daten explorativ darzustellen, 2) parametrische Modelle zu überprüfen und 3) selbst als Schätzer für den funktionalen Zusammenhang zu dienen (Cleveland [2], Cleveland und Devlin [3]). Nichtparametrische Verfahren können daher problemlos auch zur Prognose eingesetzt werden. Dieses Kapitel ist wie folgt strukturiert. Abschnitt 9.2 stellt nichtparametrische Verfahren vor und erläutert deren grundsätzliche Struktur. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem univariaten Regressionsmodell und auf der Motivation der vorgestellten Verfahren. Abschnitt 9.3 präsentiert eine praktische Anwendung für eine Zeitreihe von Wechselkursvolatilitäten. Es werden Prognosen mit nichtparametrischen Verfahren berechnet und deren Güte mit den Prognosen eines AR(1)-Zeitreihenmodells verglichen, vgl. auch Kapitel 14 dieses Buches. Es zeigt sich für die gewählte Anwendung, dass das parametrische Modell die Daten sehr gut erfasst. Das nichtparametrische Modell liefert in dieser Anwendung keine bessere Prognosegüte. Zugleich veranschaulicht die Anwendung, wie nichtparametrische Verfahren für die Modelvalidierung eingesetzt werden können. Und natürlich zeigt es auch, wie solche Verfahren für Prognosen eingesetzt werden können. Abschnitt 9.4 präsentiert die Literatur, die für weitere Lektüre herangezogen werden kann. Alle praktischen Beispiele im Text, welche mit dem Symbol versehen sind, lassen sich von der Addresse www.quantlet.de herunterladen.

Suggested Citation

  • Wolfgang Karl Härdle & Rainer Schulz & Weining Wang, 2010. "Prognose mit nichtparametrischen Verfahren," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-041, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:hum:wpaper:sfb649dp2010-041
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wolfgang Härdle & Helmut Lütkepohl & Rong Chen, 1997. "A Review of Nonparametric Time Series Analysis," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 65(1), pages 49-72, April.
    2. Parkinson, Michael, 1980. "The Extreme Value Method for Estimating the Variance of the Rate of Return," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 53(1), pages 61-65, January.
    3. Diebold, Francis X. & Nason, James A., 1990. "Nonparametric exchange rate prediction?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(3-4), pages 315-332, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nicole Wiebach & Lutz Hildebrandt, 2010. "Context Effects as Customer Reaction on Delisting of Brands," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-056, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    2. Agnieszka Janek & Tino Kluge & Rafal Weron & Uwe Wystup, 2010. "FX Smile in the Heston Model," HSC Research Reports HSC/10/02, Hugo Steinhaus Center, Wroclaw University of Technology.
    3. Nikolaus Hautsch & Peter Malec & Melanie Schienle, 2014. "Capturing the Zero: A New Class of Zero-Augmented Distributions and Multiplicative Error Processes," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 89-121.
    4. Basteck, Christian & Daniëls, Tijmen R., 2011. "Every symmetric 3×3 global game of strategic complementarities has noise-independent selection," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(6), pages 749-754.
    5. Franziska Schulze, 2010. "Spatial Dependencies in German Matching Functions," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-054, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    6. Szymon Borak & Adam Misiorek & Rafał Weron, 2010. "Models for Heavy-tailed Asset Returns," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-049, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    7. Enno Mammen & Christoph Rothe & Melanie Schienle, 2010. "Nonparametric Regression with Nonparametrically Generated Covariates," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-059, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    8. Ralf Sabiwalsky, 2010. "Executive Compensation Regulation and the Dynamics of the Pay-Performance Sensitivity," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-051, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    9. Vladimir Panov, 2010. "Estimation of the signal subspace without estimation of the inverse covariance matrix," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-050, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
    10. Maria Grith & Volker Krätschmer, 2010. "Parametric estimation of risk neutral density functions," SFB 649 Discussion Papers SFB649DP2010-045, Sonderforschungsbereich 649, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    time series; semiparametric model; k-NN estimation; local polynomial regression; volatility forecasting;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates

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