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Human Capital, Migration, and Regional Income Convergence in the Philippines

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  • Hideaki Toya
  • Kaoru Hosono
  • Tatsuji Makino

Abstract

We test the convergence of real income using the Philippine regional data over the period of 1980-2000. Differences in real income across regions were large and persistent. Though regional incomes did not converge towards a common level (absolute convergence), they did converge controlling for human capital measured by average schooling years (conditional convergence). Human capital and its accumulation contributed to economic growth. People with higher human capital were more likely to move across regions. In addition, people tended to move from poor to rich regions. The absence in the absolute convergence may be due to the fact that higher human capital tended to move from poor to rich regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Hideaki Toya & Kaoru Hosono & Tatsuji Makino, 2004. "Human Capital, Migration, and Regional Income Convergence in the Philippines," Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series d03-18, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    • Handle: RePEc:hst:hstdps:d03-18
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    File URL: http://hi-stat.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/research/discussion/2003/pdf/D03-18.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter Huber & Gabriele Tondl, 2012. "Migration and regional convergence in the European Union," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 39(4), pages 439-460, November.
    2. Smirnykh, Larisa & Woergoetter, Andreas, 2021. "Regional convergence in CEE before and after the Global Financial Crisis," IHS Working Paper Series 33, Institute for Advanced Studies.
    3. Romano Piras, 2013. "Can the Augmented Solow Model with Migration Explain the Italian Internal Brain Drain?," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 27(2), pages 140-163, June.
    4. Ceren Ozgen & Peter Nijkamp & Jacques Poot, 2010. "The effect of migration on income growth and convergence: Meta‐analytic evidence," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 89(3), pages 537-561, August.
    5. Elena Vakulenko, 2016. "Does migration lead to regional convergence in Russia?," International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 9(1), pages 1-25.
    6. Etzo, Ivan, 2008. "Internal migration and growth in Italy," MPRA Paper 8642, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Etzo, Ivan, 2008. "Internal migration: a review of the literature," MPRA Paper 8783, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Ceren Ozgen & Peter Nijkamp & Jacques Poot, 2009. "The Effect of Migration on Income Convergence: Meta-Analytic Evidence," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 09-022/3, Tinbergen Institute.

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