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Oferta laboral y seguro de desempleo: Estimaciones para la economía chilena

Author

Listed:
  • Alejandra Mizala
  • Pilar Romaguera
  • Paulo Henríquez

Abstract

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una estimación de oferta laboral para Chile, y luego, utilizar los resultados obtenidos para estimar el impacto de diferentes esquemas institucionales de seguro de desempleo sobre la decisión de trabajar de los individuos. En la primera parte del estudio se estiman dos modelos de oferta de trabajo, diferenciados según género, utilizando la información de la encuesta de caracterización socioeconómica (CASEN) del año 1992. En la segunda parte, se analiza el impacto de esquemas alternativos de protección a los trabajadores desempleados sobre su decisión de trabajar. Se analiza el efecto de un seguro de desempleo decreciente en el tiempo, así como de un sistema mixto que incluye seguro de desempleo e indemnizaciones por año de servicio (IAS). La estimación de la oferta laboral nos permite concluir que la respuesta en la oferta laboral frente a cambios en las variables explicativas en el caso de las mujeres se debe principalmente (78,3%) a cambios en la tasa de participación y en un nivel menor (21,7%) a ajustes en el horario de trabajo. En el caso de los hombres, en contraste, la respuesta se da tanto en términos de cambios en las horas trabajadas, como en la tasa de participación (57,4% y 42,6% respectivamente). Por otra parte, la elasticidad de la oferta laboral masculina es 1.07, menor que la elasticidad de la oferta laboral femenina 1.89, lo que concuerda con los estudios internacionales. Al estimar el efecto sobre la duración del desempleo de distintos esquemas de seguro de desempleo, se concluye que el desempleo aumenta; sin embargo, el rango en que éste fluctúa frente a los distintos esquemas es pequeño. La duración del desempleo decrece, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, si se aplica un sistema de beneficios decrecientes en el tiempo en vez de un sistema de beneficios constantes. La duración del desempleo también decrece al disminuir el porcentaje del salario pagado como beneficio de desempleo (fracción de reemplazo) y al disminuir la duración de los beneficios. No obstante, el impacto de la reducción en el monto de los beneficios es mayor que el de la reducción de la duración de éstos, tanto para hombres como para mujeres.

Suggested Citation

  • Alejandra Mizala & Pilar Romaguera & Paulo Henríquez, 1998. "Oferta laboral y seguro de desempleo: Estimaciones para la economía chilena," Documentos de Trabajo 28, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile.
  • Handle: RePEc:edj:ceauch:28
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Rodrigo A. Cerda & José Tomás Valente, 2022. "The role of capital taxation on the business cycle: the case of Chile, 1960–2019," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 83-108, February.
    3. David Coble & Sebastián Faúndez, 2016. "The labor wedge and business cycles in Chile," Journal Economía Chilena (The Chilean Economy), Central Bank of Chile, vol. 19(1), pages 38-56, April.
    4. Frohmann, Alicia & Romaguera, Pilar, 1998. "Free trade agreements and female labour: the Chilean situation," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), August.
    5. Andrés Solimano & Arístides Torche, 2008. "Income Distribution In Chile, 1987-2006: Analysis And Policy Considerations," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile 480, Central Bank of Chile.
    6. World Bank, 2002. "Chile's High Growth Economy : Poverty and Income Distribution, 1987-1998," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 14091, December.
    7. Solange Berstein & Eduardo Fajnzylber & Pamela Gana & Isabel Poblete, 2007. "Cinco Años de Funcionamiento del Seguro de Cesantía en Chile," Working Papers 23, Superintendencia de Pensiones, revised Dec 2007.

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