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Monetary Policy,Markup Dispersion, and Aggregate TFP

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  • Matthias Meier

  • Timo Reinelt

Abstract

We document three new empirical facts: (i) monetary policy shocks increase the markup dispersion across firms, (ii) monetary policy shocks increase the relative markup of firms that adjust prices less frequently, and (iii) firms that adjust prices less frequently have higher markups. This is consistent with a New Keynesian model in which price rigidity is heterogeneous across firms. In the model, firms with stickier prices optimally set higher markups and their markups increase by more after monetary policy shocks. The consequent increase in markup dispersion explains why aggregate TFP declines after monetary policy shocks. In the calibrated model, monetary policy shocks explain substantial fluctuations in markup dispersion and aggregate productivity.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthias Meier & Timo Reinelt, 2020. "Monetary Policy,Markup Dispersion, and Aggregate TFP," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2020_161, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2020_161
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    Cited by:

    1. Jung, Kuk Mo & Pyun, Ju Hyun, 2023. "A long-run approach to money, unemployment, and equity prices," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    2. Uluc Aysun & Zeynep Yom, 2025. "Technology creation, business cycles and monetary transmission," Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics Working Paper Series 61, Villanova School of Business Department of Economics and Statistics.
    3. Maarten De Ridder & Basile Grassi & Giovanni Morzenti, 2021. "The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Markup Estimation," Working Papers 677, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
    4. Hong, Gee Hee & Klepacz, Matthew & Pasten, Ernesto & Schoenle, Raphael, 2023. "The real effects of monetary shocks: Evidence from micro pricing moments," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1-20.
    5. Hartwig, Benny & Lieberknecht, Philipp, 2020. "Monetary policy, firm exit and productivity," Discussion Papers 61/2020, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    6. Garga, Vaishali & Singh, Sanjay R., 2021. "Output hysteresis and optimal monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 871-886.
    7. Liyu Dou & Paul Ho & Thomas A. Lubik, 2023. "Max-Share Misidentification," Working Paper 25-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
    8. Bowen Fu & Chenghan Hou & Jan Pruser, 2025. "Assessing the Effects of Monetary Shocks on Macroeconomic Stars: A SMUC-IV Framework," Papers 2510.05802, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.
    9. Albert Queraltó, 2022. "Monetary Policy in a Model of Growth," International Finance Discussion Papers 1340, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    10. Diego Comin & Javier Quintana & Tom Schmitz & Antonella Trigari, 2021. "Measuring TFP: The role of profits, adjustment costs, and capacity utilization," Working Papers 2143, Banco de España.
    11. Comin, Diego & Quintana Gonzalez, Javier & Schmitz, Tom & Trigari, Antonella, 2020. "Revisiting Productivity Dynamics in Europe: A New Measure of Utilization-Adjusted TFP Growth," CEPR Discussion Papers 15402, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    12. Matusche, Alexander & Wacks, Johannes, 2023. "Does wealth inequality affect the transmission of monetary policy?," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    13. Fabiani, Andrea & Piñeros, Martha López & Peydró, José-Luis & Soto, Paul E., 2022. "Capital controls, domestic macroprudential policy and the bank lending channel of monetary policy," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    14. Francesca Crucitti & Lorenza Rossi, 2022. "Labor Share Decline and Productivity Slowdown: A Micro-Macro Analysis," Working Papers 350577481, Lancaster University Management School, Economics Department.
    15. Beatriz González & Galo Nuño & Dominik Thaler & Silvia Albrizio, 2021. "Firm heterogeneity, capital misallocation and optimal monetary policy," Working Papers 2145, Banco de España.
    16. Damiano Di Francesco & Omar Pietro Carnevale, 2025. "Are Hysteresis Effects Nonlinear?," LEM Papers Series 2025/32, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    17. David R. Baqaee & Emmanuel Farhi & Kunal Sangani, 2024. "The Supply-Side Effects of Monetary Policy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 132(4), pages 1065-1112.
    18. Uluc Aysun & Sewon Hur & Zeynep Yom, 2025. "Technology creation and monetary transmission," Working Papers 2025-02, University of Central Florida, Department of Economics.

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    JEL classification:

    • E30 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • E50 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - General

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