Estimating the housing production function with unobserved land heterogeneity

This paper develops a novel method for estimating the housing production function that addresses transmission bias caused by unobserved heterogeneity in land productivity. The approach builds on the nonparametric identification strategy of Gandhi et al. (2020) and exploits the zero-profit condition to allow consistent estimation even when either capital input or housing value is unobserved, under the assumption that land productivity follows a Markov process. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the estimator performs well across a variety of production technologies.