Report NEP-ENV-2025-09-22
This is the archive for NEP-ENV, a report on new working papers in the area of Environmental Economics. Francisco S. Ramos issued this report. It is usually issued weekly.Subscribe to this report: email, RSS, or Mastodon, or Bluesky.
Other reports in NEP-ENV
The following items were announced in this report:
- Julie Regolo & Cédric Gendre & Thomas Poméon, 2025. "Does the geographical indications protection policy encourage more sustainable agriculture in the territories? Moving from claims to empirical evidence," Post-Print hal-05234723, HAL.
- Chaudhary, Arbind & Babu, Suresh Chandra, 2025. "Advancing forest-based carbon trading in Nepal: Policy challenges and agroforestry opportunities," Policy briefs 175795, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Rodrigo Fracalossi de Moraes, 2025. "Climate injustice and climate debts: Estimating responsibility for climate change," IPCID Policy Research Brief (EN) 003, International Policy Centre.
- Benjamin Ignoto & Shuaiqi Wu & Bruno Lanz & Erwan Monier, 2025. "Adaptation through diversification: Crop diversity and the resilience of U.S. agricultural yields to weather shocks," IRENE Working Papers 25-07, IRENE Institute of Economic Research.
- Esther Arenas-Arroyo & Jacob Fabian & Friederike Mengel & Bernhard Schmidpeter & Michel Serafinelli, 2025. "Demand for Green Skills in an Evolving Landscape," CESifo Working Paper Series 12110, CESifo.
- Otto, Christian & Schult, Christoph & Vogt, Thomas, 2025. "Climate change economics in Vietnam: Redefining economic impact," IWH Discussion Papers 15/2025, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
- Lohawala, Nafisa & Wen, Zhiqing (Phoebe), 2024. "Navigating Sustainable Skies: Challenges and Strategies for Greener Aviation," RFF Reports 24-07, Resources for the Future.
- Krupnick, Alan & Robertson, Molly & Look, Wesley & Bautista, Eddie & Ko, Eunice, 2024. "Prioritizing Justice in New York State Cap-Trade-and-Invest," RFF Reports 24-05, Resources for the Future.
- Wear, David N., 2024. "Can Market Incentives for Wood Products Help Scale Wildfire Risk Reductions in the West?," RFF Reports 24-14, Resources for the Future.
- Boyd, James & Joiner, Emily & Krupnick, Alan & Toman, Michael A., 2024. "Policy Incentives to Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal: Analysis and Recommendations," RFF Reports 24-03, Resources for the Future.
- Burtraw, Dallas & Hafstead, Marc & Rennert, Kevin, 2024. "Regulatory Options for an Enforceable Cap-and-Invest Program in Maryland," RFF Reports 24-10, Resources for the Future.
- Krosnick, Jon A. & MacInnis, Bo, 2024. "American Climate Policy Opinions," RFF Reports 24-15, Resources for the Future.
- Krupnick, Alan & Robertson, Molly & Look, Wesley & Bautista, Eddie & Sanders, Victoria & Ko, Eunice & Shawhan, Daniel & Linn, Joshua & Jaller, Miguel & Rao, Narasimha & Poblete Cazenave, Miguel & Zhan, 2023. "Prioritizing Justice in New York State Climate Policy: Cleaner Air for Disadvantaged Communities?," RFF Reports 23-12, Resources for the Future.
- Luca Bettarelli & Davide Furceri & Prakash Loungani & Jonathan Ostry & Loredana Pisano, 2025. "Economic development, carbon emissions and climate policies," Bruegel Working Papers node_11221, Bruegel.
- Jérôme Pivard & Vincent Martinet, 2025. "Reconciling Eco and Ego? The Interplay Between Environmental and Image Concerns in Consumption Choices," CESifo Working Paper Series 12129, CESifo.
- Anthoulla Phella & Vasco J. Gabriel & Luis F. Martins, 2025. "Taking the Highway or the Green Road? Conditional Temperature Forecasts Under Alternative SSP Scenarios," Papers 2509.09384, arXiv.org.
- Kine Josefine Aurland-Bredesen & Rolf Golombek & Mads Greaker, 2025. "Competition Between Green and Blue Hydrogen and Indirect Network Effects," CESifo Working Paper Series 12130, CESifo.
- Brühl, Volker, 2025. "The regulatory complexity of the European Green Deal: Too much too fast?," CFS Working Paper Series 734, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
- Smolenska, Agnieszka & Després, Morgan & Rozumek, David, 2024. "How bank recovery and resolution frameworks can provide a blueprint for transition planning," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 129414, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Darko, Francis Addeah & Martey, Edward, 2025. "Beyond Food Security : Optimizing Sustainable Healthy Diets in Ghana's Dietary Transition," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11197, The World Bank.
- Girma, R.; Mekuria, Wolde; Moges, A.; Smith, J.; Hallett, P., "undated". "Characterizing the biophysical conditions for improved planning and designing of locally-led sustainable land management practices: the case in Halaba, Ethiopia," IWMI Reports 369138, International Water Management Institute.
- Rasmus Kehlet Skjødt Berg & Peter Birch Sørensen, 2025. "The National Carbon Price and Welfare on Alternative Paths Towards Net Zero Emissions: Simple Versus Optimal Policy Rules," CESifo Working Paper Series 12101, CESifo.
- Santiago Barbosa Naranjo & Gustavo Adolfo Hernandez Diaz & Sara Baena & Juan David Robayo, 2024. "Macroeconomic and external financing vulnerabilities," Post-Print hal-05208217, HAL.
- Fabian Alex, 2025. "A Signaling Game for Green Bonds," Working Papers 242, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics (BGPE).
- Prest, Brian C. & Wingenroth, Jordan & Errickson, Frank, 2024. "Challenges and Opportunities for Incorporating Climate Change’s Impacts on Ocean Systems into the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases," RFF Reports 24-17, Resources for the Future.
- McGrath, Luke & McLaughlin, Eoin & Hanley, Nick, 2025. "Saving or investing for the future? Methodology matters in inclusive wealth accounting," Accountancy, Economics, and Finance Working Papers 2025-06, Heriot-Watt University, Department of Accountancy, Economics, and Finance.
- Bernhard Wortmann & Detlef Stolten & Heidi Heinrichs, 2025. "Critical Iridium Demands arising from future Expansion of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis," Papers 2509.05357, arXiv.org.
- Badenhoop, Nikolai & Mücke, Christian, 2025. "Do investors care about sustainable investment targets? An assessment using the sustainable finance disclosure regulation," SAFE Working Paper Series 457, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
- C'esar Barilla & Palaash Bhargava, 2025. "Ancestral origins of attention to environmental issues," Papers 2509.09598, arXiv.org.
- Pierre Chollet & Geoffroy Enjolras & Iciar Pavez & Louis‐antoine Saïsset, 2025. "The sustainability performance of agricultural cooperatives: A systematic literature review," Post-Print hal-05246932, HAL.
- Noemi Walczak & Kenan Huremovi'c & Armando Rungi, 2025. "Evaluating the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism with a Quantitative Trade Model," Papers 2506.23341, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2025.
- King, Andy & Jameson, Daisy, 2024. "Designing a UK fiscal framework fit for the climate challenge," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 129410, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Clausing, Kimberly & Elkerbout, Milan & Nehrkorn, Katarina & Wolfram, Catherine, 2024. "How Carbon Border Adjustments Might Drive Global Climate Policy Momentum," RFF Reports 24-20, Resources for the Future.
- André de Mello e Souza, 2024. "Challenges of Brazil’s G20 Presidency: Failing multilateralism and rising geopolitical disputes," IPCID One Pager (EN) 008, International Policy Centre.
- Elkerbout, Milan & Burtraw, Dallas & Löfgren, Åsa & Zetterberg, Lars, 2024. "Transatlantic Cues: How the United States and European Union Influence Each Other’s Climate Policies," RFF Reports 24-19, Resources for the Future.
- Swati Dhingra & Fjolla Kondirolli & Stephen Machin, 2025. "Citizen training and the urban waste footprint," CEP Discussion Papers dp2124, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Gadea Rivas, María Dolores & Gonzalo, Jesús, 2025. "Regional Heterogeneity and Warming Dominance in the contiguous United States," UC3M Working papers. Economics 47893, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de EconomÃa.
- Kopp, Raymond J. & Pizer, William & Rennert, Kevin, 2023. "Carbon Border Adjustments: Design Elements, Options, and Policy Decisions," RFF Reports 23-14, Resources for the Future.
- Smoleńska, Agnieszka & Weber, Anne-Marie & Opoka, Marcin, 2024. "Greening central banking in the EU: closing the judicial accountability gap," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 125471, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Stefano Carattini & Hanwei Huang & Frank Pisch & Tejendra Pratap Singh, 2025. "Trade and the Scopes of Pollution: Evidence from China’s World Market Integration," CESifo Working Paper Series 12119, CESifo.
- Prest, Brian C. & Wingenroth, Jordan, 2024. "Operational versus Capital Expenditure Risk in a Clean Energy Transition," RFF Reports 24-04, Resources for the Future.
- Elena Rond'os-Casas & Germ`a Coenders & Miquel Carreras-Sim'o & N'uria Arimany-Serrat, 2025. "The use of financial and sustainability ratios to map a sector. An approach using compositional data," Papers 2509.06468, arXiv.org.
- Rongyan Chen & Ci Chen & Ziyang Yan, 2025. "Analysis and Study of Smart Growth," Papers 2509.04529, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2025.
- Flannery, Brian & Mares, Jan, 2024. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensities of the Steel and Aluminum Industries at the Product Level," RFF Reports 24-13, Resources for the Future.
- Daryna Grechyna & Pamela Efua Ofori, 2025. "Environmental Summits and Innovation," CESifo Working Paper Series 12120, CESifo.
- Burke, Josh & Taschini, Luca & Doda, Baran & Ortiz, Victor & Steinlein, Anastasia, 2024. "Policy measures to respond to carbon fee impacts on industry in Taiwan," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 129324, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Stefan Wöhrmüller, 2025. "Carbon taxation and precautionary savings," Working Papers 841, DNB.
- Slaria, Srishti & Robertson, Molly & Palmer, Karen, 2023. "Expanding the Possibilities: When and Where Can Grid-Enhancing Technologies, Distributed Energy Resources, and Microgrids Support the Grid of the Future?," RFF Reports 23-13, Resources for the Future.
- Matilda Gettins & Lorenz Meister, 2025. "Who Pays for Climate Policy? Distributional Narratives and Populist Backlash," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 2139, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- David Cuberes & Aitor Lacuesta & Carlos Moreno-Pérez & Daniel Oto-Peralías, 2025. "Land concentration and large renewable energy projects," Working Papers 25.03, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Department of Economics.
- Adamopoulos, Tasso, 2025. "Geography and Agricultural Productivity: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean," Research Department working papers 2520, CAF Development Bank Of Latinamerica.
- Raouf Boucekkine & Giorgio Fabbri & Salvatore Federico & Fausto Gozzi & Ted Loch-Temzelides & Cristiano Ricci, 2025. "Differential Climate Games with Heterogenous Players," Working Papers 2025-04, Grenoble Applied Economics Laboratory (GAEL).
- Suproń, Błażej, 2024. "The impact of agriculture in Visegrad countries on CO2 emissions using the FMOLS and DOLS methods in an empirical panel data study," MPRA Paper 125421, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Rafael Araujo & Vitor Possebom & Gabriela Setti, 2025. "DETERring more than Deforestation: Environmental Enforcement Reduces Violence in the Amazon," Papers 2509.06076, arXiv.org.
- Katia Colaneri & Alessandra Cretarola & Edoardo Lombardo & Daniele Mancinelli, 2025. "Design and hedging of unit linked life insurance with environmental factors," Papers 2509.05676, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2025.
- Silvester van Koten, 2025. "The EU ETS is unprepared for 2040 and beyond," CERGE-EI Working Papers wp799, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague.
- Majer, Sarah & Boelhauve, Patrick & Hasch, Joachim & Ohlmeyer, Martin, 2025. "Erarbeitung der Grundlagen zur Entwicklung eines opto-sensorischen Messsystems zur produktionsnahen Bestimmung von flüchtigen Terpenen aus Holzprodukten," Thünen Reports 122, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries.
- Liao, Yanjun (Penny) & Walls, Margaret A. & Wibbenmeyer, Matthew, 2024. "Facing Wildfire Insurance Challenges: Five Lessons from the National Flood Insurance Program," RFF Reports 24-12, Resources for the Future.
- Mutum, L.; Mizan, S. A.; Bhatpuria, D.; Taneja, G.; Mitra, A.; Gupta, S. K.; Sikka, A., "undated". "Direct seeded rice in Haryana (India) ABY districts: impact and lessons for scaling," IWMI Reports 369137, International Water Management Institute.
- Elena Cottini & Lorena Popescu & Luca Salmasi & Gilberto Turati, 2025. "Poisoned Air, Shortened Lives: PM2.5 Exposure and Premature Mortality in Southern European Cities," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza def143, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
- Verdolini, Elena & Look, Wesley & Belpietro, Chiara & Persico, Giulia, 2024. "The European Union Policy Toolbox to Support Just Transition," RFF Reports 24-02, Resources for the Future.
- Krosnick, Jon A. & MacInnis, Bo, 2024. "Partisan Views," RFF Reports 24-21, Resources for the Future.
- Anas Abuzayed & Michael G Pollitt & Mario Liebensteiner & Simone Hochgreb, 2025. "Exploring the feasibility of low-carbon fuel blends in CCGTs for deep decarbonization of power systems," Working Papers EPRG2520, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
- Propp, Daniel & Look, Wesley, 2023. "Energy Transition Case Study: The Huntley Coal Plant in Tonawanda, New York," RFF Reports 23-15, Resources for the Future.
- Lavy, Victor & Rachkovski, Genia & Yoresh, Omry, 2025. "Heads Up : Does Air Pollution Cause workplace Accidents?," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1575, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Beyene, Winta & Delis, Manthos D. & de Greiff, Kathrin & Ongena, Steven, 2025. "Bond versus banks financing in the climate transition: The role of stranded-asset risk," SAFE Working Paper Series 456, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
- Roy, Nicholas & Domeshek, Maya & Burtraw, Dallas, 2024. "Designing for Uncertainty: Amendments to California’s Cap-and-Trade Market," RFF Reports 24-08, Resources for the Future.
- Quentin Hoarau & Jean-Pierre Ponssard, 2025. "Imperfect Competition and the Adoption of Clean Technology: The Case of CCS in Cement," CESifo Working Paper Series 12127, CESifo.
- Rossmann, Felix & Greitens, Jan & Knoll, Lisa, 2025. "SMEs within a data-driven sustainable finance framework: A European survey," CFS Working Paper Series 735, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
- Gadea Rivas, María Dolores & Gonzalo, Jesús, 2025. "Heterogeneous Polar Amplification," UC3M Working papers. Economics 47891, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de EconomÃa.
- Elkerbout, Milan & Kopp, Raymond J. & Rennert, Kevin, 2023. "Comparing the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, the Clean Competition Act, and the Foreign Pollution Fee Act," RFF Reports 23-18, Resources for the Future.
- Hines, Sofia & Walls, Margaret A., 2024. "Building Climate Resilience in Vulnerable Communities: Analyzing Designation and Use of Community Disaster Resilience Zones," RFF Reports 24-18, Resources for the Future.
- Hugo Morão, 2025. "Uncertainty in climate policy and energy industry," Working Papers REM 2025/0393, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa.
- Nehrkorn, Katarina & Spiller, Beia & Krupnick, Alan, 2024. "Exploring Hydrogen’s Role in Heavy-Duty Trucking," RFF Reports 24-11, Resources for the Future.
- Francesco Ravazzolo & Luca Rossini & Andrea Viselli, 2025. "Modeling European Electricity Market Integration during turbulent times," Papers 2506.23289, arXiv.org.
- Spiller, Beia & Kannan, Sangita & Toman, Michael A., 2023. "Policy Challenges for Accessing Critical Minerals to Electrify Vehicle Transport," RFF Reports 23-19, Resources for the Future.
- Behr, Daniela Monika & Shen, Liang & Tribin Uribe, Ana Maria & Trumbic, Tea, 2025. "Temperature Anomalies as an Obstacle to Women’s Rights and Economic Empowerment?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11206, The World Bank.
- Anna Carolina Machado & Tatiana Sandim & Nívie Machado, 2024. "INCLUA: Pro-equity resource platform for public policies," IPCID One Pager (EN) 007, International Policy Centre.
- Horn, Andreas & Berkmüller, Ruth & Bokelmann, Monika & Gerk, Alexander-Michael & Heldmann, Jan & Knauer, Miriam & Naji, Fatah & Rath, Simon & Sperling, Franziska & Wagner, Johanna, 2025. "Sustainability in the German economy – A comparison of understanding, measures and reporting between SMEs and large companies," Bayreuth Working Papers on Finance, Accounting and Taxation (FAcT-Papers) 2025-01, University of Bayreuth, Chair of Finance and Banking.
- Mukherjee, Srutakirti & Raimi, Daniel, 2023. "What Can Federal Place-Based Economic Policies Teach Us about the Energy Transition?," RFF Reports 23-16, Resources for the Future.
- Tsz Chun Kwok & Daniel Spiro & Arthur A. van Benthem, 2025. "Firm Ownership and Pollution," CESifo Working Paper Series 12096, CESifo.
- Mariz Abdou & Hasan Dudu & Mrs. Kerstin Gerling & Dalia Kadissi, 2025. "Macroeconomic Exposure to the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: The Case of the Middle East and Central Asia," IMF Working Papers 2025/182, International Monetary Fund.
- Tsz Chun Kwok & Daniel Spiro & Arthur A. van Benthem, 2025. "Firm Ownership and Pollution," NBER Working Papers 34203, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Yeganloo, A. & Moran, C. & Jafri, J., 2025. "Let Me Think About It: Evidence of Choice Deprivation, Not Overload, in Charitable Giving," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 2554, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
- Kyungsik Nam & Won-Ki Seo, 2025. "Functional Regression with Nonstationarity and Error Contamination: Application to the Economic Impact of Climate Change," Papers 2509.08591, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2025.
- Lo Prete, Chiara & Palmer, Karen & Robertson, Molly, 2024. "Time for a Market Upgrade? A Review of Wholesale Electricity Market Designs for the Future," RFF Reports 24-09, Resources for the Future.
- Mar Reguant & Mayra Wagner, 2025. "Smart Power Limits: Designing Shortage Mechanisms for Extreme Events," NBER Working Papers 34196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Barz, Fanny & Brüning, Simone & Döring, Ralf & Lasner, Tobias & Strehlow, Harry Vincent, 2025. "National fisheries profile Germany," Thünen Reports 120, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries.
- Yiren Wang & Tianhao Zhi, 2025. "Sustainability Risks under Lotka-Volterra Dynamics," Papers 2509.04780, arXiv.org.
- Smolenska, Agnieszka & Chan, Tiffanie & Poensgen, Ira & Higham, Catherine, 2024. "Banks and climate litigation risk: navigating the low-carbon transition," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 129325, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Barz, Fanny & Brüning, Simone & Döring, Ralf & Lasner, Tobias & Strehlow, Harry V., 2025. "National fisheries profile Germany," Thünen Report 369108, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (vTI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries.
- Nafil, Mohammad; Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Sikka, Alok., "undated". "A decade of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) contributions to natural resource management: at a glance," IWMI Reports 369139, International Water Management Institute.
- Jakub Growiec & Klaus Prettner, 2025. "The Paradox of Doom: Acknowledging Extinction Risk Reduces the Incentive to Prevent It," Papers 2509.04855, arXiv.org.
- Raimi, Daniel & Zhu, Yuqi & Newell, Richard G. & Prest, Brian C., 2024. "Global Energy Outlook 2024: Peaks or Plateaus?," RFF Reports 24-06, Resources for the Future.
- Bouterige, Yannick & Marquant, Baptiste & Mandon, Pierre Jean-Claude, 2025. "The Central African Republic’s Forestry and Mining Revenue Potential," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11209, The World Bank.
- Santiago López Moskovits, 2025. "There is Something in the Water: The Effects of a Bad Government on Voter Turnout," Young Researchers Working Papers 16, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, revised Aug 2025.
- Beyene, Winta, 2025. "Disasters and lending signals: From borrower information to community characteristics," SAFE Working Paper Series 455, Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE.
- Peer Lasse Hinrichsen & Katrin Rehdanz & Richard S. J. Tol, 2025. "Temperature Sensitivity of Residential Energy Demand on the Global Scale: A Bayesian Partial Pooling Model," Papers 2506.22768, arXiv.org.
- Farkas, Hannah & Linsenmeier, Manuel & Talevi, Marta & Avner, Paolo & Jafino, Bramka Arga & Sidibe, Moussa, 2025. "The Economic Value of Weather Forecasts : A Quantitative Systematic Literature Review," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11213, The World Bank.
- Walls, Margaret A. & Hines, Sofia & Ruggles, Logan, 2024. "Implementation of Justice40: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Status Update," RFF Reports 24-01, Resources for the Future.
- Michael G Pollitt & Daniel Duma & Andrei Covatariu & Paul Nillesen, 2025. "A global map of electricity and gas distribution network companies," Working Papers EPRG2519, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
- Bioret, Lucie & Zhu, Yuqi & Krupnick, Alan & Bergman, Aaron, 2023. "Tracking and Evaluation of Research, Development, and Demonstration Programs at the US Department of Energy," RFF Reports 23-17, Resources for the Future.
- Bartlett, Jay, 2023. "Beyond Subsidy Levels: The Effects of Tax Credit Choice for Solar and Wind Power in the Inflation Reduction Act," RFF Reports 23-20, Resources for the Future.
- Butter, Katja & Hucke, Christine Ida & Gallus, Viviane & van Thriel, Christoph & Ohlmeyer, Martin, 2025. "Wood for Good – Kontextbezogene gemisch- und konzentrationsabhängige Auswirkungen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen verschiedener Holzarten auf neurophysiologische Prozesse und die chemosensorische ," Thünen Reports 121, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries.
- Marcelo B. Ribeiro, 2025. "Modeling Income Distribution with the Gause-Witt Population Ecology System," Papers 2506.20881, arXiv.org.