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Risk Perception and Human Health Risk in Rural Communities Consuming Unregulated Well Water in Saskatchewan, Canada

Author

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  • Lorelei Ford
  • Cheryl Waldner
  • Javier Sanchez
  • Lalita Bharadwaj

Abstract

Rural communities dependent on unregulated drinking water are potentially at increased health risk from exposure to contaminants. Perception of drinking water safety influences water consumption, exposure, and health risk. A community‐based participatory approach and probabilistic Bayesian methods were applied to integrate risk perception in a holistic human health risk assessment. Tap water arsenic concentrations and risk perception data were collected from two Saskatchewan communities. Drinking water health standards were exceeded in 67% (51/76) of households in Rural Municipality #184 (RM184) and 56% (25/45) in Beardy's and Okemasis First Nation (BOFN). There was no association between the presence of a health exceedance and risk perception. Households in RM184 or with an annual income >$50,000 were most likely to have in‐house water treatment. The probability of consuming tap water perceived as safe (92%) or not safe (0%) suggested that households in RM184 were unlikely to drink water perceived as not safe. The probability of drinking tap water perceived as safe (77%) or as not safe (11%) suggested households in BOFN contradicted their perception and consumed water perceived as unsafe. Integration of risk perception lowered the adult incremental lifetime cancer risk by 3% to 1.3 × 10−5 (95% CI 8.4 × 10−8 to 9.0 × 10−5) for RM184 and by 8.9 × 10−6 (95% CI 2.2 × 10−7 to 5.9 × 10−5) for BOFN. Probability of exposure to arsenic concentrations >1:100,000, negligible cancer risk, was 23% for RM184 and 22% for BOFN.

Suggested Citation

  • Lorelei Ford & Cheryl Waldner & Javier Sanchez & Lalita Bharadwaj, 2019. "Risk Perception and Human Health Risk in Rural Communities Consuming Unregulated Well Water in Saskatchewan, Canada," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(11), pages 2559-2575, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:39:y:2019:i:11:p:2559-2575
    DOI: 10.1111/risa.13335
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2015. "Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water," Working Papers id:7119, eSocialSciences.
    2. M. L. Serre & A. Kolovos & G. Christakos & K. Modis, 2003. "An Application of the Holistochastic Human Exposure Methodology to Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Bangladesh Drinking Water," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 23(3), pages 515-528, June.
    3. Marie Laure Delignette-Muller & Christophe Dutang, 2015. "fitdistrplus : An R Package for Fitting Distributions," Post-Print hal-01616147, HAL.
    4. Delignette-Muller, Marie Laure & Dutang, Christophe, 2015. "fitdistrplus: An R Package for Fitting Distributions," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 64(i04).
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    1. Shu Wang & Jipeng Pei & Kuo Zhang & Dawei Gong & Karlis Rokpelnis & Weicheng Yang & Xiao Yu, 2022. "Does Individuals’ Perception of Wastewater Pollution Decrease Their Self-Rated Health? Evidence from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-18, June.

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