IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/mgtdec/v47y2026i1p143-164.html

Managerial Compensation, Bonus Banks, and Long‐Term Orientation

Author

Listed:
  • Wolfgang Schultze
  • Maria Lotze
  • Andreas Weiler
  • Mandy M. Cheng

Abstract

Bonus banks are multiyear performance plans for deferring bonus payments and enhancing pay‐for‐performance by facilitating downward corrections of bonuses. These compensation schemes have become widely accepted among practitioners and regulators in recent years with the aim to reduce managerial short‐termism. This paper examines the incentive properties of bonus bank schemes based on performance measures as proposed in the literature. To attain efficient investment decisions, such a scheme depends on managers' reports about value creation, but managers have incentives to misreport. We study how the bonus bank can be used to elicit truthful reporting and hence efficient investment in multiyear settings. For situations in which equity market values are not applicable, for example, when managers have private information, we find that an internal market for the bonus bank between the leaving manager and the successor can induce truthful reporting under restrictive conditions only. In particular, negotiations under asymmetric information require the successor to have significantly superior capabilities to compensate for the uncertainty inherent in valuing the bonus bank.

Suggested Citation

  • Wolfgang Schultze & Maria Lotze & Andreas Weiler & Mandy M. Cheng, 2026. "Managerial Compensation, Bonus Banks, and Long‐Term Orientation," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 47(1), pages 143-164, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:mgtdec:v:47:y:2026:i:1:p:143-164
    DOI: 10.1002/mde.70030
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.70030
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/mde.70030?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bhagat, Sanjai & Bolton, Brian, 2014. "Financial crisis and bank executive incentive compensation," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 313-341.
    2. Stefan Reichelstein, 1997. "Investment Decisions and Managerial Performance Evaluation," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 2(2), pages 157-180, June.
    3. Richard A. Lambert, 1986. "Executive Effort and Selection of Risky Projects," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 17(1), pages 77-88, Spring.
    4. Baker, George P, 1992. "Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 100(3), pages 598-614, June.
    5. Bushman, Robert M. & Indjejikian, Raffi J. & Smith, Abbie, 1996. "CEO compensation: The role of individual performance evaluation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 161-193, April.
    6. Lambert, Richard A., 2001. "Contracting theory and accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 3-87, December.
    7. Sloan, Richard G., 1993. "Accounting earnings and top executive compensation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(1-3), pages 55-100, April.
    8. Rogerson, William P, 1997. "Intertemporal Cost Allocation and Managerial Investment Incentives: A Theory Explaining the Use of Economic Value Added as a Performance Measure," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(4), pages 770-795, August.
    9. Madhav V. Rajan & Stefan Reichelstein, 2009. "Depreciation Rules and the Relation between Marginal and Historical Cost," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 47(3), pages 823-865, June.
    10. Robert Bushman & Ellen Engel & Abbie Smith, 2006. "An Analysis of the Relation between the Stewardship and Valuation Roles of Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(1), pages 53-83, March.
    11. Edward Dickersin Van Wesep, 2010. "Pay (Be)for(e) Performance: The Signing Bonus as an Incentive Device," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(10), pages 3812-3848, October.
    12. Ed Dehaan & Frank Hodge & Terry Shevlin, 2013. "Does Voluntary Adoption of a Clawback Provision Improve Financial Reporting Quality?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(3), pages 1027-1062, September.
    13. Indjejikian, Raffi & Nanda, Dhananjay, 1999. "Dynamic incentives and responsibility accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 177-201, April.
    14. Gjesdal, F, 1981. "Accounting For Stewardship," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(1), pages 208-231.
    15. Jonathan Levin & Steven Tadelis, 2005. "Profit Sharing and the Role of Professional Partnerships," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 120(1), pages 131-171.
    16. Bengt Holmstrom, 1979. "Moral Hazard and Observability," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 74-91, Spring.
    17. Dechow, Patricia M., 1994. "Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance : The role of accounting accruals," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 3-42, July.
    18. Ross, Stephen A, 1973. "The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 63(2), pages 134-139, May.
    19. Alwine Mohnen & Moshe Bareket, 2007. "Performance measurement for investment decisions under capital constraints," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-22, March.
    20. Burgstahler, David & Dichev, Ilia, 1997. "Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 99-126, December.
    21. Grossman, Sanford J, 1976. "On the Efficiency of Competitive Stock Markets Where Trades Have Diverse Information," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 31(2), pages 573-585, May.
    22. Scott Keating, A., 1997. "Determinants of divisional performance evaluation practices," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 243-273, December.
    23. Sunil Dutta & Stefan Reichelstein, 2002. "Controlling Investment Decisions: Depreciation- and Capital Charges," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 7(2), pages 253-281, June.
    24. Antonio E. Bernardo, 2004. "Capital Budgeting in Multidivision Firms: Information, Agency, and Incentives," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 17(3), pages 739-767.
    25. Tim Baldenius, 2000. "Intrafirm Trade, Bargaining Power, and Specific Investments," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 27-56, March.
    26. Demski, JS & Frimor, H, 1999. "Performance measure garbling under renegotiation in multiperiod agencies," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 37, pages 187-214.
    27. Sunil Dutta & Stefan Reichelstein, 2005. "Accrual Accounting for Performance Evaluation," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 10(4), pages 527-552, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bushman, Robert M. & Smith, Abbie J., 2001. "Financial accounting information and corporate governance," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 237-333, December.
    2. Carlos Corona, 2009. "Dynamic performance measurement with intangible assets," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 314-348, September.
    3. Lambert, Richard A., 2001. "Contracting theory and accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 3-87, December.
    4. Alexander Nezlobin & Stefan Reichelstein & Yanruo Wang, 2015. "Managerial performance evaluation for capacity investments," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 283-318, March.
    5. repec:eee:labchp:v:3:y:1999:i:pb:p:2485-2563 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Robert Bushman & Ellen Engel & Abbie Smith, 2006. "An Analysis of the Relation between the Stewardship and Valuation Roles of Earnings," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(1), pages 53-83, March.
    7. Ittner, Christopher D. & Larcker, David F., 2001. "Assessing empirical research in managerial accounting: a value-based management perspective," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 349-410, December.
    8. Bouwens, J.F.M.G. & van Lent, L.A.G.M., 2003. "Effort and Selection Effects of Incentive Contracts," Other publications TiSEM 46a62de7-d051-4620-93bb-3, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    9. Emeka T. Nwaeze & Simon S. M. Yang & Q. Jennifer Yin, 2006. "Accounting Information and CEO Compensation: The Role of Cash Flow from Operations in the Presence of Earnings," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 23(1), pages 227-265, March.
    10. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    11. Christensen, Peter O. & Feltham, Gerald A. & Sabac, Florin, 2005. "A contracting perspective on earnings quality," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 265-294, June.
    12. Antonio Davila & Fernando Penalva, 2006. "Governance structure and the weighting of performance measures in CEO compensation," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 463-493, December.
    13. Chandra Kanodia & Haresh Sapra, 2016. "A Real Effects Perspective to Accounting Measurement and Disclosure: Implications and Insights for Future Research," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 54(2), pages 623-676, May.
    14. Voulgaris, Georgios & Stathopoulos, Konstantinos & Walker, Martin, 2014. "IFRS and the Use of Accounting-Based Performance Measures in Executive Pay," The International Journal of Accounting, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 479-514.
    15. Livne, Gilad & Markarian, Garen & Milne, Alistair, 2011. "Bankers' compensation and fair value accounting," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(4), pages 1096-1115, September.
    16. Beyer, Anne & Cohen, Daniel A. & Lys, Thomas Z. & Walther, Beverly R., 2010. "The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 296-343, December.
    17. Maureen McNichols & Madhav V. Rajan & Stefan Reichelstein, 2014. "Conservatism correction for the market-to-book ratio and Tobin’s q," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1393-1435, December.
    18. Vinay Goyal & Subrata K. Mitra, 2022. "Is the asymmetric impact of aggregate revenue and aggregate earnings on the stock index in accordance with the prospect theory?," International Review of Finance, International Review of Finance Ltd., vol. 22(1), pages 200-222, March.
    19. Bouwens, J.F.M.G. & van Lent, L.A.G.M., 2003. "Effort and Selection Effects of Incentive Contracts," Discussion Paper 2003-130, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    20. Cascino, Stefano & Clatworthy, Mark A. & Osma, Beatriz Garcia & Gassen, Joachim & Imam, Shahed, 2021. "The usefulness of financial accounting information: evidence from the field," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 107569, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    21. van Veen-Dirks, Paula, 2010. "Different uses of performance measures: The evaluation versus reward of production managers," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 141-164, February.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:mgtdec:v:47:y:2026:i:1:p:143-164. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/7976 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.