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Measuring entrepreneurship at the country level: A review and research agenda

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  • Claude Marcotte

Abstract

The measurement of entrepreneurial activity across national contexts is a relatively recent and under-represented area of study. There was very little research carried out for comparable indicators of entrepreneurship until the end of the 1990s, when the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Consortium launched its annual surveys. In the last decade, other indexes and databases have been created, such as the EIM COMPENDIA database and the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset. The first objective of this paper is to review and analyse the existing entrepreneurship indexes with respect to their conceptual and methodological dimensions. This review shows that the conceptual foundations of most of the indexes are insufficiently developed. The second objective is to integrate and compare the indexes on 21 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for which complete data is available. Strong convergence was found between the indicators of venture creation, business ownership and growth, while noticeable divergences were observed between these indicators and those concerning innovation. This was further explored through cluster analysis, which indicated that the 21 sampled countries could be classified into three distinct entrepreneurial profiles. The paper concludes by offering research directions and debating the use of unitary or composite measures of entrepreneurship in comparison to the analysis of multiple dimensions as exemplified in this paper.

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  • Claude Marcotte, 2013. "Measuring entrepreneurship at the country level: A review and research agenda," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(3-4), pages 174-194, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:174-194
    DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710264
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    1. Niels Bosma & Sander Wennekers & F. Stam, 2010. "Intrapreneurship - An international study," Scales Research Reports H201005, EIM Business and Policy Research.
    2. Leora Klapper & Raphael Amit & Mauro F. Guillén, 2010. "Entrepreneurship and Firm Formation across Countries," NBER Chapters, in: International Differences in Entrepreneurship, pages 129-158, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    3. Magnus Henrekson & Tino Sanandaji, 2020. "Measuring Entrepreneurship: Do Established Metrics Capture Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 44(4), pages 733-760, July.
    4. Dvouletý, Ondřej, 2018. "How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 9(C), pages 92-99.
    5. Xie, Zhimin & Wang, Xia & Xie, Lingmin & Dun, Shuai & Li, Jiaxin, 2021. "Institutional context and female entrepreneurship: A country-based comparison using fsQCA," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 470-480.
    6. Martin Carree & Emilio Congregado & Antonio Golpe & André van Stel, 2015. "Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969-2009," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(3-4), pages 181-201, April.
    7. Henrekson, Magnus & Sanandaji, Tino, 2019. "Measuring Entrepreneurship: Do Established Metrics Capture High-Impact Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship?," Working Paper Series 1270, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
    8. Erik Stam, 2013. "Knowledge and entrepreneurial employees: a country-level analysis," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 887-898, December.
    9. Tajaddini, Reza & Gholipour, Hassan F., 2021. "Economic uncertainty and business formation: A cross-country analysis," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 16(C).
    10. Diana M. Hechavarría, 2016. "The impact of culture on national prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(4), pages 1025-1052, December.
    11. Kaciak, Eugene & Welsh, Dianne H.B., 2020. "Women entrepreneurs and work–life interface: The impact of sustainable economies on success," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 281-290.
    12. Diana Schüler, 2023. "Institutional change and entrepreneurship as occupational choice—The case of South Korea," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 385-439, September.
    13. Sebastian Madalin Munteanu & Irina-Eugenia Iamandi & Eugeniu Tudor, 2015. "Evaluation Model of the Entrepreneurial Character in EU Countries," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 17(38), pages 1-76, February.
    14. Isabel Luis-Rico & María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares & Tamara De la Torre-Cruz & Alfredo Jiménez & Álvaro Herrero & Carmen Palmero-Cámara & Alfredo Jiménez-Eguizábal, 2020. "Entrepreneurial Interest and Entrepreneurial Competence Among Spanish Youth: An Analysis with Artificial Neural Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-17, February.
    15. Francis Kofi Andoh-Baidoo & Babajide Osatuyi & K. Niki Kunene, 2014. "ICT Capacity as the Investment and Use of ICT: Exploring its Antecedents in Africa," Information Technology for Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 44-59, January.
    16. Brigitte Hoogendoorn & Cornelius A. Rietveld & André Stel, 2016. "Belonging, believing, bonding, and behaving: the relationship between religion and business ownership at the country level," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 519-550, July.
    17. Kyfyak, Viktoriia & Vinnychuk, Olena & Sybyrka, Liudmyla & Vodianka, Liubov, 2021. "Measuring entrepreneurship determinants: empirical analysis," Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, vol. 7(2), June.
    18. Sá, Elisabete S. & Pinho, José Carlos M.R. de, 2019. "Effect of entrepreneurial framework conditions on R&D transfer to new and growing firms: The case of European Union innovation-driven countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 47-58.
    19. Michael Sheriff & Moreno Muffatto & Sarah Cooper, 2016. "Measuring entrepreneurship environments in Africa: challenges in using international reports," International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 20(1/2), pages 20-44.
    20. Kahiya, Eldrede T., 2020. "Context in international business: Entrepreneurial internationalization from a distant small open economy," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(1).
    21. Beynon, Malcolm J. & Jones, Paul & Pickernell, David, 2020. "Country-level entrepreneurial attitudes and activity through the years: A panel data analysis using fsQCA," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 443-455.

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