Automated and remote engineering, maintenance, and repair in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) present new challenges, particularly in the automation and remote control of engine rooms. Despite advancements, there remains a gap in understanding the engineering architecture required for reliable automated maintenance and repair systems in MASS. This study aims to address this gap by reviewing key reports and academic studies, followed by a thematic qualitative analysis to extract the key themes that shape the analytical framework, including critical configurations such as modular systems and backup components. Five key thematic clusters were developed, supported by two researchers who collaboratively synthesized the findings and resolved discrepancies. The results indicate that, while automation reduces crew involvement, current systems may not match the reliability of human-led maintenance, especially during periodic tasks. The complexities of autonomous systems may require specialized services, increasing maintenance times and costs, and highlighting the need for collaboration between shipbuilders, repairers, dry docks, and technology providers. This study contributes to the literature by offering a comprehensive analysis of the engineering needs for automated engine rooms in MASS, a topic underexplored in previous research. The findings provide practical implications for stakeholders, including shipowners, policymakers, and maritime educators, who must prepare for the challenges of integrating automated systems into maritime operations. Future research should focus on the broader implications, including communication technologies, skill development, and infrastructure needs for MASS.