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Testing for Market Integration Crude Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas

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  • Lance J. Bachmeier
  • James M. Griffin

Abstract

Prompted by the contemporaneous spike in coal, oil, and natural gas prices, this paper evaluates the degree of market integration both within and between crude oil, coal, and natural gas markets. Our approach yields parameters that can be readily tested against a priori conjectures. Using daily price data for five very different crude oils, we conclude that the world oil market is a single, highly integrated economic market. On the other hand, coal prices at five trading locations across the United States are cointegrated, but the degree of market integration is much weaker, particularly between Western and Eastern coals. Finally, we show that crude oil, coal, and natural gas markets are only very weakly integrated. Our results indicate that there is not a primary energy market. Despite current price peaks, it is not useful to think of a primary energy market, except in a very long run context.

Suggested Citation

  • Lance J. Bachmeier & James M. Griffin, 2006. "Testing for Market Integration Crude Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas," The Energy Journal, , vol. 27(2), pages 55-71, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:enejou:v:27:y:2006:i:2:p:55-71
    DOI: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol27-No2-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andrew N. Kleit, 2001. "Are Regional Oil Markets Growing Closer Together?: An Arbitrage Cost Approach," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2), pages 1-15.
    2. Arthur De Vany & W. David Walls, 1993. "Pipeline Access and Market Integration in the Natural Gas Industry: Evidence from Cointegration Tests," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 4), pages 1-20.
    3. Robert F. Engle & Jeffrey R. Russell, 1998. "Autoregressive Conditional Duration: A New Model for Irregularly Spaced Transaction Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(5), pages 1127-1162, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniele Colombo & Francesco Toni, 2025. "Understanding Gas Price Shocks: Elasticities, Volatility and Macroeconomic Transmission," GREDEG Working Papers 2025-20, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    2. Wang, Xinya & Rong, Xueyun & Yin, Lei, 2024. "Discerning the impact of global geopolitical risks on China's energy futures market spillovers: Evidence from higher-order moments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    3. Saif-Alyousfi, Abdulazeez Y.H., 2025. "Energy shocks and stock market returns under COVID-19: New insights from the United States," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    4. Daniele Colombo & Francesco Toni, 2025. "Understanding Gas Price Shocks: Elasticities, Volatilities, and Macroeconomic Transmission," LEM Papers Series 2025/20, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.

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