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Bread, butter, barricade: Economic grievance, military industry and mutinies

Author

Listed:
  • Roya Izadi

    (Department of Political Science, 4260University of Rhode Island, USA)

  • Lindsey Pruett

    (Department of Government, Hamilton College, USA)

Abstract

Military involvement in the economy is a crucial aspect of civil–military relations. However, the impacts of economic ventures on the rank-and-file have not been examined empirically. In this article, we demonstrate that military economic involvement decreases the risk of mutinies by providing private goods that promote rent-seeking behavior among lower-ranking soldiers. Through military-owned enterprises, soldiers access jobs, benefits and off-book revenues (tax breaks, subsidies, favorable contracts, etc.) that are unavailable to civilians. Further, military elites may use these resources to subsidize military budgets and ameliorate economic grievances in the lower ranks. Using novel, cross-national data on military involvement in the economy and information on about 2500 military-run firms, we show that militaries with a greater stake in the economy are less likely to experience mutinies than countries with no and lower rates of economic involvement. Similar patterns hold for risk of mass defection.

Suggested Citation

  • Roya Izadi & Lindsey Pruett, 2026. "Bread, butter, barricade: Economic grievance, military industry and mutinies," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 43(4), pages 391-412, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:compsc:v:43:y:2026:i:4:p:391-412
    DOI: 10.1177/07388942251374474
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Roya Izadi, 2022. "State Security or Exploitation: A Theory of Military Involvement in the Economy," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 66(4-5), pages 729-754, May.
    2. Jaclyn Johnson, 2021. "Introducing the Military Mutinies and Defections Database (MMDD), 1945–2017," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 58(6), pages 1311-1319, November.
    3. Gabriel Leon, 2014. "Loyalty for sale? Military spending and coups d’etat," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 159(3), pages 363-383, June.
    4. repec:gig:afjour:v:50:y:2015:i:1:p:5-23 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Peter B. White, 2024. "Rebel, Remain, or Resign? Military Elites’ Decision-Making at the Onset of the American Civil War," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 68(5), pages 938-963, May.
    6. Jun Koga Sudduth, 2021. "Purging militaries: Introducing the Military Purges in Dictatorships (MPD) dataset," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 58(4), pages 870-880, July.
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