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D'une mondialisation à l'autre

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  • Jacky Fayolle

Abstract

[fre] Cet article est consacré à l'examen du mouvement historique qui a débouché sur la vague contemporaine de mondialisation. Il constitue la première partie d'une étude, dont la seconde, plus analytique, examinera les processus caractéristiques de la mondialisation actuelle et paraîtra dans une prochaine édition de la Revue. L'histoire du capitalisme peut être comprise, depuis la Révolution industrielle, comme la succession de différentes figures de la mondialisation qui se sont traduites par un rapport à chaque fois spécifique des nations à l'économie mondiale. Ce ne fut pas un mouvement linéaire : l'entre-deux guerres en a manifesté la réversibilité. Cette histoire est aussi celle de la constitution des nations modernes, qu'on ne peut simplement considérer comme une réalité préexistante à l'économie mondiale. La vague de mondialisation de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle a ébranlé la cohésion des sociétés déjà industrialisées, au cours des décennies 1860-1870 à dominante libre-échangiste. Mais elle a aussi impulsé la transformation des nations d'Europe continentale, en contribuant à la liquidation de la domination exercée par la propriété foncière pour passer à la constitution des nations modernes autour de groupes sociaux plus dynamiques, bourgeoisie et salariat industriels, dont les conflits ont suscité le développement de l'arbitrage étatique. Après la seconde guerre mondiale, les croissances nationales des Trente Glorieuses et l'épanouissement conjoint des sociétés salariales se sont adossées à des institutions internationales nouvelles et évolutives, qui ont aidé au rattrapage du leader américain par les pays européens et le Japon. Ce régime international touchait ses limites, dès lors que le fordisme ne parvenait pas à se généraliser aux populations jeunes des pays de la périphérie, dont la transition démographique était loin d'être achevée. La dominante libérale de la vague de mondialisation contemporaine a ébranlé la hiérarchie acquise entre centre et périphérie. Elle a introduit de l'indétermination dans la répartition et la dynamique des avantages comparatifs. Mais le libéralisme n'est pas une simple trouvaille idéologique : il est aussi le produit de la dissolution du régime de croissance d'après- guerre, sans qu'il constitue par lui-même, le principe fondateur d'un nouveau régime. Depuis un quart de siècle, l'instabilité des zones d'impulsion de la croissance mondiale prévaut, au rythme de cycles conjoncturels qui sont autant de mises à l'épreuve de la cohésion internationale. De la vague de mondialisation contemporaine n'émerge pas clairement un régime de croissance international qui en assure la stabilité et en maximise les bénéfices. Elle apparie les lieux d'excellence de l'économie mondiale mais peine à intégrer solidement nombre de régions à forte démographie. Elle reste en conséquence menacée par le retour des fractionnements, voire par la réversibilité. [eng] From one globalisation wave to the other. Jacky Fayolle. The history of capitalism can be understood as the succession of different features of the globalisation process. The globalisation wave of the 19th century has disturbed the cohesion of the first industrialised societies. But it has also quickened the transformation of the European nations, by liquidating the landowners' domination and promoting more dynamic social groups. The interwar years have revealed the reversibi-lity of the globalisation. The post-war national growths have rested on new international institutions, which have favoured the European and Japanese catching-up. But this international regime was not able to extend to young peripheral countries. The liberal inclination of the present globalisation wave disturbs the prevailing hierarchy between centre and periphery, by making more uncertain the repartition of comparative advantages. An international growth regime does not emerge clearly from the contemporaneous globalisation, which is jeopardised by a new possible reversibility.. JEL Codes : F02,F43

Suggested Citation

  • Jacky Fayolle, 1999. "D'une mondialisation à l'autre," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 69(1), pages 161-206.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1999_num_69_1_1544
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1999.1544
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1999.1544
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    11. Pierre-Yves Hénin & Yannick Le Pen, 1995. "Les épisodes de la convergence européenne," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 46(3), pages 667-677.
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    1. Annette Kadjar, 1999. "Implantations étrangères : une pénétration plus active dans le commerce de gros," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 326(1), pages 139-158.

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    JEL classification:

    • F02 - International Economics - - General - - - International Economic Order and Integration
    • F43 - International Economics - - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance - - - Economic Growth of Open Economies

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