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Les banques américaines et la baisse des taux d'intérêt

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  • Jacques Le Cacheux

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[eng] US banks reactions to the interest rate decline Jacques Le Cacheux Is the decline in interest rates that has been observed in Europe over the last few months likely to be fully reflected in lower cost of borrowing, thus stimulating a credit expansion that would fuel the recovery of business investment spending, as well as households' residential investment and consumption ? In the current business cycle and in the reduction of — mostly short — interest rates, the US economy has been leading the way. Hence studying the US banks behavior over the last three years may yield interesting insights as to what is likely to happen on this side of the Atlantic. True, initial conditions differ, and so does the regulatory and structural environment in which financial institutions operate : financial deregulation and innovation have started earlier and have been more sweeping in the US ; the structure of the banking sector is more fragmented and many firms are probably more vulnerable ; moreover, phenomena of over-indebtedness of certain categories of non-financial agents have tended to reach more disturbing proportions than in Europe, except perhaps in the United Kingdom. At the beginning of the current decade, the financial situation of US commercial banks and Saving & Loans institutions was, on average, much worse than that of French banks today. But they have made a spectacular recovery and their performance, measured by their average asset returns, currently ranks amongst the best in international comparisons. US banks have seized the opportunity offered by the decline in short-run interest rates and the reassessment of a positively-sloped interest rate structure to widen their interest margins and pursue a highly discriminatory credit policy. The total outstanding stock of bank credits has shrunk and the share of Treasury bonds in total assets has been increased. Thus, although the federal budget deficit financing has been eased, the interest rate reduction has had no visible effect on the growth of credit and spending. It would however be wrong to conclude that the easing of monetary policy has not been beneficial : indeed, by offering banks this badly needed opportunity to improve their performance and re-structure their balance sheets, it has avoided a financial crisis that might otherwise have had very detremental effects on real economic activity. [fre] Faut-il s'attendre à ce que la baisse des taux d'intérêt observée en Europe depuis plusieurs mois se répercute intégralement dans l'allégement du coût des crédits bancaires et stimule ainsi la croissance du crédit qui favoriserait la reprise des dépenses d'investissement des entreprises et de logement et de consommation des ménages ? Les Etats-Unis ont précédé l'Europe dans les évolutions conjoncturelles récentes et dans la baisse des taux, courts notamment, et il semble que l'on puisse tirer de l'analyse des comportements bancaires américains depuis trois ans, quelques enseignements concernant les évolutions probables de ce côté-ci de l'Atlantique. Certes les conditions initiales et l'environnement réglementaire et structurel ne sont pas les mêmes : la déréglementation et l'innovation financières ont été, aux Etats-Unis, plus précoces et plus poussées qu'ailleurs ; les structures bancaires y sont plus fragmentées et, dans une certaine mesure, plus fragiles ; enfin les phénomènes de surendettement de certaines catégories d'agents y ont été plus massifs qu'en Europe, à l'exception peut-être du Royaume-Uni. La situation des banques américaines était, en moyenne, plus dégradée au début de la présente décennie que celle des banques françaises aujourd'hui. Mais leur redressement a été très sensible, au point que le secteur bancaire affiche à présent des performances, en termes de rentabilité des actifs, qui le placent en tête des classements internationaux. Les banques américaines ont mis à profit la très forte baisse des taux d'intérêt à court terme et le rétablissement de la structure des taux en accroissant considérablement leurs marges d'intérêts et pratiquant une politique de crédit très sélective. L'encours total des crédits bancaires s'est contracté et la part des titres publics dans l'actif du secteur a été beaucoup accrue. De ce fait, si le financement du déficit public en a été facilité, la baisse des taux n'a pas donné à la croissance des crédits et des dépenses l'impulsion escomptée. Pourtant, l'assouplissement de la politique monétaire a incontestablement eu des effets bénéfiques, ne serait-ce que parce qu'en permettant aux banques de redresser leur résultat et de restructurer leur bilan, il a évité le déclenchement d'une crise bancaire et financière dont les conséquences sur l'activité réelle eussent sans doute été dramatiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Le Cacheux, 1994. "Les banques américaines et la baisse des taux d'intérêt," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 48(1), pages 131-150.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1994_num_48_1_1356
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1994.1356
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1994.1356
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    1. Michel Aglietta, 1993. "Crises et cycles financiers : une approche comparative," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 26(3), pages 5-50.
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    1. Olivier Passet, 1997. "Le rôle des déficits publics dans la formation des taux d'intérêt," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 29-74.

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