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Stratégies industrielles et stratégies de change : le cas des États-Unis

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  • Monique Fouet

Abstract

[fre] Les échanges extérieurs de produits manufacturés américains étaient devenus excédentaires en 1897. Leur taux de couverture a continué à s'améliorer jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ; le mouvement de baisse ensuite amorcé a laissé réapparaître un déficit en 1972. Celui-ci a été temporairement comprimé par la dépréciation du dollar des années soixante-dix. La surévalutation des premières années quatre-vingt a assurément aggravé la situation en termes de solde ; en contraignant les entreprises à se rationaliser et à se spécialiser plus encore sur les technologies avancées, elle a toutefois en partie enrayé le processus de déclin industriel à l'œuvre depuis plusieurs décennies. Suivie d'une dépréciation brutale, elle rend bon nombre de produits américains fortement compétitifs au seuil des années quatre-vingt. . Ces mouvements du change ont été tantôt voulus, souvent acceptés, parfois subis. Ils ont joué un rôle important pour façonner la nature de l'industrie et son insertion tant dans les autres activités intérieures que dans l'environnement international. Exerçant leurs effets par le jeu des prix, ils ne peuvent concerner toutefois que les produits ayant des substituts proches. C'est pourquoi ils auraient été peu pertinents durant les décennies cinquante et soixante face à des concurrents européens et japonais qui avaient un retard technologique à combler. C'est pourquoi aussi ils ont atteint aujourd'hui la limite de leur efficacité face au continent asiatique caractérisé par des salaires faibles. Une dépréciation additionnelle du dollar, qui n'est pas impossible, ne permettrait pas à elle seule d'enrayer la perte de vitesse de l'industrie américaine. Le redressement de la situation requiert une inflexion profonde des politiques budgétaire et monétaire, nécessaire pour permettre un ajustement intérieur de la demande et une réorientation géo-sectorielle internationale. [eng] A surplus had appeared in 1897 in the external trade of US manufactured goods. Exports continued to increase faster than imports up to the end of World War II, after which the reversal of this trend led to a deficit in 1972. During the 70s the deficit was contained by the depreciation of the dollar. During the first half of the 80s appreciation undoubtedly worsened the situation as far as the external balance was concerned. But at the same time it served to check the relative decline of the manufacturing sector by compelling firms to rationalize and to specialize on more advanced technologies. As it was followed by a massive depreciation, many American goods are nowadays tremendously competitive. . These exchange rates movements were sometimes welcomed and sometimes had to be put up with. They played a major role in shaping the manufacturing sector's structures and competitiveness. Since the mechanisms involved affect relative prices, products are affected only to the extent that they have substitutes. This is why exchange rate movements would have been ineffective during the 50s and 60s, a time when European and Japanese competitors were trying to close the technological gap. This is also why they are ineffective today against Far Eastern countries where wages are low. A further depreciation of the dollar is not unlikely. But it would not be able by itself to restore the strength of the american manufacturing sector. Other means are required, among which is a shift in the economic policy mix.

Suggested Citation

  • Monique Fouet, 1989. "Stratégies industrielles et stratégies de change : le cas des États-Unis," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 26(1), pages 7-69.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1989_num_26_1_1162
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1989.1162
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1989.1162
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Michel Aglietta & Monique Fouet, 1978. "Les nouvelles perspectives du capitalisme américain," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 97(1), pages 25-41.
    4. Philippe Sigogne & Philippe Aroyo, 1986. "Etats-Unis : la courte échelle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(1), pages 47-114.
    5. Raymond Vernon, 1966. "International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 80(2), pages 190-207.
    6. Jacques Le Cacheux & François Lecointe, 1987. "Changes réels et compétitivité de la France, l'Italie, la RFA et les Etats-Unis," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 20(1), pages 149-187.
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