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Etats-Unis : la courte échelle

Author

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  • Philippe Sigogne
  • Philippe Aroyo

Abstract

[eng] Economic growth slowed down after the sharp recovery of 1983-1984 and has remained sluggish over the past two years. Now that it is well advanced, the present business cycle does not look very dynamic. An upsurge of inflation has been prevented so far, but both fiscal and foreign deficits have increased so much that they now seem to call for transient and dangerous half-remedies : protectionism, arbitrary freeze of federal spending. . The fall of oil prices does have positive effects on the economy, for in the United States as elsewhere it has enabled interest rates to decline and household's purchasing power to increase. Housing and private consumption will therefore fuel economic growth this year.. In 1987, budgetary cuts will hamper economic activity and lower the public deficit, but not enough to stop the rise of the debt/Gnp ratio. Private investment, which is already falling in the energy sector, would become even less profitable should the fiscal reform be implemented. It might stay at the present level only if interest rates were to decline further. . Despite the recent surge in equipment expenditures, american competitiveness has not fully recovered. Productivity has not increased rapidly enough in the sectors where competition is fierce. The decline of the dollar is not ample enough to enable by itself the current balance to improve significantly. . Having reached such a situation, the United States now rely upon other developped countries to pull their own growth through accelerating exports. The alternative to stronger international competition is another fall in the exchange rate of the dollar. [fre] La croissance modérée qui s'est installée aux Etats-Unis depuis deux ans contraste avec la reprise vigoureuse de 1983- 1984. Avec le recul le présent cycle économique semble relativement peu dynamique. Si la recrudescence de l'inflation a pu être évitée jusqu'à présent, les déficits extérieur et public se sont aggravés au point de susciter des solutions en forme d'expédients : le protectionnisme et le gel arbitraire des dépenses fédérales. . La baisse du prix du pétrole est bénéfique à l'économie car elle a permis aux Etats-Unis comme ailleurs de détendre les taux d'intérêt nominaux et de distribuer du pouvoir d'achat aux ménages. Le logement et la consommation seront donc, cette année, les principaux soutiens de la croissance. . Les coupes budgétaires pèseront sur l'activité en 1987, et le déficit public se réduira, insuffisamment toutefois pour interrompre l'alourdissement de la dette en proportion du PNB. L'investissement productif privé, déjà en forte réduction dans le secteur pétrolier, verra sa rentabilité entamée, surtout si la réforme fiscale aboutit. Son maintien au niveau actuel nécessitera une baisse supplémentaire des taux d'intérêt. Le rétablissement de la compétitivité américaine s'avère incomplet malgré l'effort d'équipement récent. La productivité n'a pas eu le temps de progresser suffisamment là où la concurrence est la plus vive. La baisse du dollar n'est pas assez ample pour redresser à elle seule les comptes extérieurs. A cette étape de leur cycle les Etats-Unis attendent beaucoup des autres pays développés pour prolonger la croissance par un fort courant d'exportations. L'alternative est entre une coopération internationale renforcée et une nouvelle chute de la monnaie américaine.

Suggested Citation

  • Philippe Sigogne & Philippe Aroyo, 1986. "Etats-Unis : la courte échelle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 16(1), pages 47-114.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1986_num_16_1_1064
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1986.1064
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1986.1064
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    Cited by:

    1. Monique Fouet, 1989. "Stratégies industrielles et stratégies de change : le cas des États-Unis," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 26(1), pages 7-69.

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