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L'approche monétaire de la pauvreté : méthodologie et résultats

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  • Jean-Michel Hourriez
  • Bernard Legris

Abstract

[spa] El enfoque monetario de la pobreza : metodologia y resultados . Dentro de un enfoque monetario y relativo de la pobreza se considéra como pobres a aquellos hogares cuya renta es inferior a un umbral que varfa en funciôn de la distribuciôn de los nivelés de vida. Semejante enfoque dépende mucho de las convenciones que se adoptan, tanto para la definiciôn de la renta como para la determinaciôn del umbral. Aquf, como es costumbre, se define la renta como la renta disponible monetaria, lo cual implica dejar de lado ciertos componentes del bienestar como por ejemplo el patrimonio. Se observa dicha renta sobre un ano, lo que no permite aprehender lo duradero de la pobreza : se establece el umbral en la mitad del nivel de vida mediano, de modo que aumenta el umbral con el tiempo junto con el alza general del nivel de vida. . Los pobres, segûn esta definiciôn, son aproximadamente uno de cada diez hogares en Francia. Permanece estable esta tasa global, pero la estructura de la poblaciôn pobre se ha modificado fuertemente. La frecuencia de las situaciones en las que el bajo nivel de recursos se asocia con dificultades en el mercado laboral, aumenta râpidamente, trâtese del paro o del infraempleo. Mientras tanto, regresa la pobreza de las generaciones viejas, los independientes de baja renta parecen ser cada vez menos, y las familias numerosas cuyo jefe tiene un empleo estable ya no son mas que un grupo de pobres minoritario. En fin, los hogares de estudiantes, que aparecen de manera transitoria entre los pobres en el sentido monetario, son cada vez mâs numerosos. Pero su perspectiva de carrera, la importancia de las ayudas que reciben, el nivel y la estructura de su consumo permiten cuestionarse sobre la pertinencia de esta clasificaciôn. [ger] Der einkommensbezogene Ansatz bei der Armutsanalyse: Methodik und Ergebnisse . Bei einem einkommensbezogenen Ansatz zur Analyse der Armut.werden die Haushalte als arm angesehen, deren Einkommen unterhalb eines Grenzwerts liegt, der sich ervtsprechend der Verteilung des Lebensstandards entwickelt. Ein solcher Ansatz hàngt weitgehend von den Konventionen ab, die man sowohl fur die Definierung des Einkommens als auch fur die Festsetzung des Grenzwertes heranzieht. In diesem Artikel wird - wie dies ùblich ist - das Einkommen als die verfûgbaren Geldeinkûnfté definiert, was dazu fùhrt, daB bestimmte Komponenten des Wohlergehens, wie beispielsweise das Vermôgen, unberùcksichtigt bleiben. Dieses Einkommen wird im Zeitraum eines Jahres beobachtet, so daB die Dauerhaftigkeit der Armut nicht festgestellt werden kann. Der Grenzwert wird in der Hâlfte des medianen Lebensstandards festgesetzt, so daB dieser Grenzwert im Laufe der Zeit mit dem allgemeinen Anstieg des Lebensstandards zunimmt. . Jeder zehnte Haushalt in- Frankreich ist dieser Definition entsprechendarm. Dièse globale Quote ist zwar seit zehn Jahren stabil; die Struktur der armen Bevôlkerung hat sich jedoch grundlegend geàndert. Die Situationen, in denen die geringen Einkùnfte auf die Schwierigkeiten am Arbeitsmarkt zurùckzufùhren sind, nehmen rasch zu, ganz gleich, ob es sich um Arbeitslosigkeit oder um Unterbeschàftigung . handelt. Wàhrend dieser Zeit geht die Armut der âlteren Generation zurùck, die Selbstândigen mit niedrigem Einkommen werden anscheinend immer seltener und die kinderreichen Familien, deren Vorstand einer gesicherten Arbeit nachgeht, stellen bei den Armen nur noch eine Minderheit dar. SchlieBlich werden die Studentenhaushalte, die nach dem Einkommenskriterium vorùbergehend zu den Armen zàhlen, immer zahlreicher. Aufgrund ihrer Berufsaussichten, des Umfangs der ihnen gezahlten finanziellen Hilfen sowie des Niveaus und der Struktur ihres Konsums kann die Relevanz dieser Einstufung jedoch angezweifelt werden. [eng] The Monetary Approach to Poverty: Methodology and Results . A monetary measure of poverty in relative terms defines "poor" as those households whose income is below a level that moves in line with the distribution of standards of living. Such an approach depends largely on the conventions adopted as much to define the income as to set the level. Here, income is defined in the usual way as disposable monetary income. This definition ignores certain elements of welfare, such as assets. The income is observed over one year, which is not long enough to discern the long-run sustainability of poverty. The level is set at half the median standard of living, such that this level rises over time with the general rise in the standard of living. Approximately one household in ten in France fits this definition of poverty. This general rate has been stable for the last ten years, but the structure of the poor population has changed extensively. There has been a sharp rise in the frequency of low resources being related to problems on the labour market, whether due to unemployment or underemployment. At the same time, poverty among the senior generations has decreased, low-income independents have become increasingly rare, and large families with their head in a steady job have become a minority group in terms of poverty. Lastly, there has been a steady rise in student households, which temporarily appear among the poor in monetary terms. However, students' career prospects, the sum of assistance that they receive, and the level and structure of their consumption provide grounds for debating the pertinence of this particular ranking. [fre] L'approche monétaire de la pauvreté : méthodologie et résultats . Dans une approche monétaire et relative de la pauvreté, sont considérés comme pauvres les ménages dont le revenu est inférieur à un seuil qui évolue en fonction de la distribution des niveaux de vie. Une telle approche dépend largement des conventions adoptées, tant pour la définition du revenu que pour la fixation du seuil. Ici comme usuellement, le revenu est défini comme le revenu disponible monétaire, ce qui conduit à ignorer certaines composantes du bien-être comme le patrimoine ; ce revenu est observé sur un an, ce qui ne permet pas d'appréhender la durabilité de la pauvreté ; le seuil est fixé à la moitié du niveau de vie médian, si bien que ce seuil augmente au cours du temps avec l'élévation générale du niveau de vie. Les pauvres ainsi définis représentent environ un ménage sur dix en France. Ce taux global est stable depuis dix ans mais la structure de la population pauvre s'est profondément modifiée. La fréquence des situations, où la faiblesse des ressources est liée aux difficultés sur le marché du travail, augmente rapidement, qu'il s'agisse de chômage ou de sous-emploi. Pendant ce temps, la pauvreté des anciennes générations régresse, les indépendants à bas revenu semblent de plus en plus rares, et les familles nombreuses dont le chef occupe un emploi stable ne constituent plus qu'un groupe de pauvres minoritaire. Enfin, les ménages d'étudiants, qui figurent transitoirement parmi les pauvres au sens monétaire, sont de plus en plus nombreux. Mais leurs perpectives de carrière, l'importance des aides qu'ils reçoivent, le niveau et la structure de leur consommation autorisent à s'interroger sur la pertinence de ce classement.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Michel Hourriez & Bernard Legris, 1998. "L'approche monétaire de la pauvreté : méthodologie et résultats," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 308(1), pages 35-63.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_308_1_2590
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2590
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2590
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